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4014PM -Fundamental A&P > Week 2-Cells & Respiratory System > Flashcards

Week 2-Cells & Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Name 6 levels of structural organisation in the human body

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ System
  6. Organism
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2
Q

Examples of chemical structural organisation

A

E.g. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, DNA, Sodium Chloride and Fatty Acids etc.

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3
Q

Explain the chemical structural organisation

A

Smallest unit of organisation made up of atoms and molecules

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4
Q

Examples of cellular structural organisation

A

E.g., the nucleus, leukocytes, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, erythrocytes, mitochondria etc.

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5
Q

Explain the cellular structural organisation

A

Smallest independently functioning units of an organism. Made up of molecules to form cells

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6
Q

Explain Tissue structural organisation

A

Made up of groups of cells

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7
Q

Name 4 Examples of Tissue structural organisation

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous

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8
Q

Explain Epithelial Tissue

A

A thin, protective layer of cells covers the body’s internal and external surfaces

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9
Q

Examples of Epithelial tissue

A

E.g. glands, skin, oesophagus, lining of organs, Nose, eyes, and ears

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10
Q

Explain Connective Tissue

A

A type of tissue in the body that provides structure, support, protection and helps move nutrients e.g. bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons etc.

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11
Q

Examples of Connective tissue

A

E.g. Bone, Cartilage, Lymph, Skin, Tendon, Ligaments, Muscles

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12
Q

Explain Muscular Tissue

A

Specific Cells called muscle fibres or myocytes that are specialised in contraction

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13
Q

Name 3 Examples of Muscular Tissue

A

Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal

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14
Q

Explain Nervous Tissue

A

Made up of nerve cells that detect, process and coordinate info

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15
Q

Examples of Nervous Tissue

A

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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16
Q

Explain Organ Structural Organisation

A

Composed of two or more tissue types. Specific organ performs one or more specific physiological functions

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17
Q

Examples of Organs

A

Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Liver, Kidney, Uterus, and Ovary

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18
Q

Explain Organ System

A

Group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet the body’s physiological needs.

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19
Q

Name all 11 Organ Systems

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary & Reproductive

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20
Q

Explain Golgi complex

A

Processing and packaging proteins and lipids within the cell

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21
Q

Explain Nucleus

A

Controls the cell’s activities by storing and processing DNA

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22
Q

Explain Mitochondria

A

The primary function is to generate energy in the form of ATP, essential for various cellular processes

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23
Q

Explain Centrioles

A

Centrioles are essential for cell division. Crucial for accurately distributing genetic material during cell division.

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24
Q

Explain Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Covered with ribosomes, giving it a rough appearance. RER is responsible for protein synthesis and modification.

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25
Q

Explain Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Not Covered ribosomes, giving it a smooth appearance. SER synthesises lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol.

26
Q

Explain Ribosomes

A

Made up of RNA and protein that are responsible for protein synthesis through translating the genetic code into proteins

27
Q

Name three stages of respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary Ventilation
  2. External (Pulmonary) Respiration
  3. Internal (Tissue) Respiration
28
Q

Explain Pulmonary Ventilation

A

The process of air flowing into the lungs during inhalation and out of the lungs during exhalation.

29
Q

Explain External Respiration

A

The exchange of gases between outside environments and alveoli

30
Q

Explain Internal Respiration

A

The exchange of gases between blood in capillaries and body cells.

31
Q

Explain Boyles Law

A

The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container. This means that when the pressure increases, the volume decreases and vice versa

32
Q

How does Boyles’s Law apply to breathing?

A

Once a pressure difference is created between the air outside and inside the lungs inhalation and exhalation can occur

33
Q

What main 2 body parts are involved in creating the pressure difference that causes inhalation?

A

Diaphragm - When it contracts downwards, it increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

intercostal Muscles: When it contracts, it pulls the ribs upward and outward and increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

34
Q

Name 3 Parts of Upper Respiratory System

A

Nose, Nasal cavity, Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx and Sinuse

35
Q

Name 3 Parts of Lower Respiratory System

A

Lungs, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Diaphragm and Capillaries.

36
Q

Name 2 of 4 Major Types of Lung Respiratory Volumes

A

Tidal Volume (TV)
Residual Volume (RV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

37
Q

Name 2 of 4 Major Types of Respiratory Capacities

A

Total lung capacity (TLC)
Vital capacity (VC)
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)

38
Q

What Tidal Volume (TV)?

A

TV is the amount of air passing into and out of the lungs during each cycle of breathing

39
Q

What is Residual Volume (RV)?

A

RV is the amount of air left in the lungs after maximum exhalation

40
Q

What is the importance of Residual Volume?

A

It makes breathing easier as the remaining air prevents the alveoli from collapsing

41
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) ?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal breath

42
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal breath

43
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

TLC is the total amount of air their lungs are capable of housing

44
Q

What is Vital Capacity (VC)?

A

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after maximal inhalation

45
Q

What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?

A

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation

46
Q

What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?

A

The amount of air in the lungs after a normal Tidal exhalation

47
Q

What is Dalton’s Law ?

A

In a mixture of gases, each gas will exert its own pressure as if no other gases are present

48
Q

What is the Henry Law’s ?

A

The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to its pressure and its solubility

49
Q

Which part of the brain controls breathing?

A

Medulla Obolongata

50
Q

Define Simple Diffusion

A

Simple diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

51
Q

Define Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration until equilibrium of concentration is reached

52
Q

Define Facilitated Diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion involves specific proteins that interact with the molecules being transported across a cell membrane

53
Q

Define Active Transport

A

Active transport is a process that involves the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient using ATP for energy

54
Q

Define Exocytosis

A

Exocytosis is the process by which cells move substances from within the cell out into the extracellular fluid.

55
Q

Define Endocytosis

A

Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.

56
Q

Define Hydrophilic

A

Water‐loving, soluble in water.

57
Q

Define Hydrophobic

A

Water‐hating, insoluble in water and soluble in lipids

58
Q

Define Isotonic

A

If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net flow of water into or out of the cell, and the cell’s volume will remain stable.

59
Q

Define Hypotonic

A

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there will be a net flow of water into the cell, and the cell will gain volume.

60
Q

Define Hypertonic

A

If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, there will be a net flow of water out of the cell, and the cell will lose volume.

4014PM -Fundamental A&P (7 decks)

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