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Biological and Learning Psychology - BEHL 2017 > Week 5: Linking genes, environment and behaviour: living Great apes in the wild > Flashcards

Week 5: Linking genes, environment and behaviour: living Great apes in the wild Flashcards

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1
Q

According to Lorenz (1965) behaviour changes occur through the action of two processes:

A

phylogeny
and
ontogeny

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2
Q

___________ is the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms.

A

Phylogeny

(behaviour is altered in ways that reflect environmental changes)

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3
Q

Phylogenic process is governed by:
evolution of _______ _______ (Darwin) and it takes place within many generations of species.

A

natural selection

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4
Q

Mechanisms for change operate at the level of _____________.

A

individual

(individual carries the genes which are passed only in case of successful reproduction)

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5
Q

_________ refers to development/changes in behaviour within an individual’s lifetime due to changes in the environment or _________ and ___________.

A

Ontogeny,

  • maturation = prenatal developmental changes such as walking, talking
  • learning = changes in behaviour due to experiences which may increase adaptability and chance of survival
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6
Q

Grate apes include:

A

chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, humans

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7
Q

Apes are divided into two subfamilies:

A

ponginae (orangutan)

homininae (gorillas, chimpanzee, humans)

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8
Q

Non-human apes are close to humans:

A

anatomically
genetically
cognitivly

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9
Q

_________ are most related/close to humans compared to other apes.

A

Chimpanzees

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10
Q

________ are more close to chimpanzee/humans than orangutans.

A

Gorillas

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11
Q

Arrested ___________ : some males mature sexually but not physically

A

adolescence or development

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12
Q

What is ontogeny?
Select one:
a.
Involves development or change in behaviour within the lifetime of an individual.
b.
changes in the environment
c.
changes in an individual’s learning

A

a.
Involves development or change in behaviour within the lifetime of an individual.

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13
Q

What is pyhlogeny?
Select one or more:
a.
a change that can take place across generations within a species
b.
a change that is governed by principles of evolution by natural selection
c.
a change that depends on ontogenetic change

A

a.
a change that can take place across generations within a species
b.
a change that is governed by principles of evolution by natural selection
c.
a change that depends on ontogenetic change

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14
Q

Non-human great apes are very like humans:
Select one or more:
a.
cognitively
b.
None of these
c.
genetically
d.
anatomically

A

a.
cognitively
c.
genetically
d.
anatomically

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15
Q

Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans (genus Homo) than to other great apes.

True
False

A

True

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16
Q

Gorillas are more closely related to the chimpanzee-human duo than to orangutans:

True
False

A

True

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17
Q

Bornean and Sumatran orangutans are different in what ways?
Select one or more:
a.
reproductively
b.
physically
c.
chromosomally
d.
cognitively

A

a.
reproductively
b.
physically
c.
chromosomally

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18
Q

There are possible fossil ancestors for gorillas but only a set of teeth for chimpanzees.
True
False

A

True

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19
Q

Rape is common is ________.

A

orangutans

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20
Q

Rape in orangutans is committed by small males “arrested in adolescence” True/False

A

True
(They pray on single females with no support).

21
Q

By raping, these males may fertilise females who would otherwise not choose to mate with
them. True/False

A

True

22
Q

Up to ____ percent of mating is a result of rapes.

A

88

23
Q

Rape can last for ____ minutes and females let out ‘rape grunts’.

A

10

24
Q

Infanticide is common for _________.

A

gorillas

25
Q

The reason for infanticide is usually the death of a dominant protecting male and removal of competitors genes. True/False

A

True

26
Q

‘Domestic violence’ (battering females) is commonly observed in _________.

A

Chimpanzees

27
Q

Battering starts when males reach adolescence and is done to establish dominance over females. True/False

A

True

28
Q

Lack of bonds between female chimpanzees and strong male bonds enables battering. True/False

A

True

29
Q

_________ are the gentle/sexy apes

A

Bonobos

30
Q

Co-dominance between males and females is common in bonobos. True/False

A

True

31
Q

2 species of Pan:

A
  • Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
  • Bonobo (Pan paniscus)
32
Q

Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
* live in rainforests & savannah
woodlands of west, central & east
Africa
* 100 years ago: >1 million across Africa
* Now: < 300,000

A
33
Q

Chimp subspieces:
* Western Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus)
* Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti)
* Central Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes)
* Eastern Chimpanzee

A
34
Q

Compared to bonobos, _____________ have a more
robust appearance, with a stouter more muscular
build.

A

chimpanzees

35
Q

Adult male chimpanzees
are extreme/moderately larger
than adult females?

A

moderately

36
Q

Contrast with extreme
size difference between
adult male & female is in
_________ and __________.

A

gorillas & orangutans

37
Q

Activity budget (daytime) for adult females in the wild/captivity?
* 30% foraging
* 40% resting
* 30% travelling

A

wild

38
Q

Activity budgets (daytime) for
captive chimpanzees have:
* less ‘work’ (foraging &
travelling) &
* more ‘leisure’ (resting)
True/False

A

True
(Possible problems in captivity:
boredom, ‘aberrant’
behaviours, stereotypy, obesity)

39
Q

Chimps live in large groups:
* usually 40-60 chimpanzees (can be 15-120)
* sex ratio approximately equal

A
40
Q

BROADLY TERRITORIAL
* ranges may overlap by 20%, but always > _______ km
between two groups

A

5

41
Q

Usually travel in small/large groups?

A

small
* up to 10 in Gombe, up to 20 in rainforest
* Fission: Fusion society

42
Q

Female bonobos display homosexual behaviour through ______
rubbing.

A

GG
Genital genital

42
Q

DIET MAINLY FRUIT (ESPECIALLY FIGS)
* Eat 100+ plant species
* spend 6-8 HOURS A DAY feeding
– feeding peaks 7–9 a.m. & 5 p.m.
* termites eaten at the beginning of
rainy season
* Nut-cracking at some sites (hammer
& anvil)
* also eat meat
– hunt Red Colobus & other
monkeys
– occasionally bushbuck, young
bushpig

A
43
Q

BONOBO- Restricted to south of
_________ River

A

Congo (only found in Congo)

44
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
BONOBOS & CHIMPANZEES
BONOBOS:
* Squat when resting
* Calls are more shrill, almost birdlike
* Temperament is livelier & ‘nervous’, their
movements quicker
* Red lips
* MUCH LESS AGGRESSIVE

A
45
Q

ANATOMICALLY, BODY
PROPORTIONS MORE LIKE
HUMANS:
* smaller, rounder heads
(skulls)
* longer rear legs
* stand more upright (often)
* difference in weight
between males & females
more humanoid, females
average 85% of male
weight (in chimps they
average <75%)

A
46
Q

BONOBOS DAILY ACTIVITY BUDGET:
Feeding ≈ 40%;
Resting ≈ 32%;
Travel ≈ 16% &
Interacting with others (mainly grooming) ≈ 6%
DAILY RANGE mean 2 km

A
46
Q

BONOBOS FAMOUS FOR SEX (NOT WAR- aggression does exist but less than in chimps)

HOMOSEXUAL & IMMATURE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

A

Genito-genital (GG) rubbing:
Juvenile males sexually precocious

47
Q

BONOBOS - COMMUNAL WARFARE? yes/no

A

no

Biological and Learning Psychology - BEHL 2017 (10 decks)

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