Week 5: Linking genes, environment and behaviour: living Great apes in the wild Flashcards
According to Lorenz (1965) behaviour changes occur through the action of two processes:
phylogeny
and
ontogeny
___________ is the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms.
Phylogeny
(behaviour is altered in ways that reflect environmental changes)
Phylogenic process is governed by:
evolution of _______ _______ (Darwin) and it takes place within many generations of species.
natural selection
Mechanisms for change operate at the level of _____________.
individual
(individual carries the genes which are passed only in case of successful reproduction)
_________ refers to development/changes in behaviour within an individual’s lifetime due to changes in the environment or _________ and ___________.
Ontogeny,
- maturation = prenatal developmental changes such as walking, talking
- learning = changes in behaviour due to experiences which may increase adaptability and chance of survival
Grate apes include:
chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, humans
Apes are divided into two subfamilies:
ponginae (orangutan)
homininae (gorillas, chimpanzee, humans)
Non-human apes are close to humans:
anatomically
genetically
cognitivly
_________ are most related/close to humans compared to other apes.
Chimpanzees
________ are more close to chimpanzee/humans than orangutans.
Gorillas
Arrested ___________ : some males mature sexually but not physically
adolescence or development
What is ontogeny?
Select one:
a.
Involves development or change in behaviour within the lifetime of an individual.
b.
changes in the environment
c.
changes in an individual’s learning
a.
Involves development or change in behaviour within the lifetime of an individual.
What is pyhlogeny?
Select one or more:
a.
a change that can take place across generations within a species
b.
a change that is governed by principles of evolution by natural selection
c.
a change that depends on ontogenetic change
a.
a change that can take place across generations within a species
b.
a change that is governed by principles of evolution by natural selection
c.
a change that depends on ontogenetic change
Non-human great apes are very like humans:
Select one or more:
a.
cognitively
b.
None of these
c.
genetically
d.
anatomically
a.
cognitively
c.
genetically
d.
anatomically
Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans (genus Homo) than to other great apes.
True
False
True
Gorillas are more closely related to the chimpanzee-human duo than to orangutans:
True
False
True
Bornean and Sumatran orangutans are different in what ways?
Select one or more:
a.
reproductively
b.
physically
c.
chromosomally
d.
cognitively
a.
reproductively
b.
physically
c.
chromosomally
There are possible fossil ancestors for gorillas but only a set of teeth for chimpanzees.
True
False
True
Rape is common is ________.
orangutans
Rape in orangutans is committed by small males “arrested in adolescence” True/False
True
(They pray on single females with no support).
By raping, these males may fertilise females who would otherwise not choose to mate with
them. True/False
True
Up to ____ percent of mating is a result of rapes.
88
Rape can last for ____ minutes and females let out ‘rape grunts’.
10
Infanticide is common for _________.
gorillas
The reason for infanticide is usually the death of a dominant protecting male and removal of competitors genes. True/False
True
‘Domestic violence’ (battering females) is commonly observed in _________.
Chimpanzees
Battering starts when males reach adolescence and is done to establish dominance over females. True/False
True
Lack of bonds between female chimpanzees and strong male bonds enables battering. True/False
True
_________ are the gentle/sexy apes
Bonobos
Co-dominance between males and females is common in bonobos. True/False
True
2 species of Pan:
- Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
- Bonobo (Pan paniscus)
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
* live in rainforests & savannah
woodlands of west, central & east
Africa
* 100 years ago: >1 million across Africa
* Now: < 300,000
Chimp subspieces:
* Western Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus)
* Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti)
* Central Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes)
* Eastern Chimpanzee
Compared to bonobos, _____________ have a more
robust appearance, with a stouter more muscular
build.
chimpanzees
Adult male chimpanzees
are extreme/moderately larger
than adult females?
moderately
Contrast with extreme
size difference between
adult male & female is in
_________ and __________.
gorillas & orangutans
Activity budget (daytime) for adult females in the wild/captivity?
* 30% foraging
* 40% resting
* 30% travelling
wild
Activity budgets (daytime) for
captive chimpanzees have:
* less ‘work’ (foraging &
travelling) &
* more ‘leisure’ (resting)
True/False
True
(Possible problems in captivity:
boredom, ‘aberrant’
behaviours, stereotypy, obesity)
Chimps live in large groups:
* usually 40-60 chimpanzees (can be 15-120)
* sex ratio approximately equal
BROADLY TERRITORIAL
* ranges may overlap by 20%, but always > _______ km
between two groups
5
Usually travel in small/large groups?
small
* up to 10 in Gombe, up to 20 in rainforest
* Fission: Fusion society
Female bonobos display homosexual behaviour through ______
rubbing.
GG
Genital genital
DIET MAINLY FRUIT (ESPECIALLY FIGS)
* Eat 100+ plant species
* spend 6-8 HOURS A DAY feeding
– feeding peaks 7–9 a.m. & 5 p.m.
* termites eaten at the beginning of
rainy season
* Nut-cracking at some sites (hammer
& anvil)
* also eat meat
– hunt Red Colobus & other
monkeys
– occasionally bushbuck, young
bushpig
BONOBO- Restricted to south of
_________ River
Congo (only found in Congo)
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
BONOBOS & CHIMPANZEES
BONOBOS:
* Squat when resting
* Calls are more shrill, almost birdlike
* Temperament is livelier & ‘nervous’, their
movements quicker
* Red lips
* MUCH LESS AGGRESSIVE
ANATOMICALLY, BODY
PROPORTIONS MORE LIKE
HUMANS:
* smaller, rounder heads
(skulls)
* longer rear legs
* stand more upright (often)
* difference in weight
between males & females
more humanoid, females
average 85% of male
weight (in chimps they
average <75%)
BONOBOS DAILY ACTIVITY BUDGET:
Feeding ≈ 40%;
Resting ≈ 32%;
Travel ≈ 16% &
Interacting with others (mainly grooming) ≈ 6%
DAILY RANGE mean 2 km
BONOBOS FAMOUS FOR SEX (NOT WAR- aggression does exist but less than in chimps)
HOMOSEXUAL & IMMATURE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
Genito-genital (GG) rubbing:
Juvenile males sexually precocious
BONOBOS - COMMUNAL WARFARE? yes/no
no
