Week 5: Linking genes, environment and behaviour: living Great apes in the wild Flashcards

1
Q

According to Lorenz (1965) behaviour changes occur through the action of two processes:

A

phylogeny
and
ontogeny

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2
Q

___________ is the representation of the evolutionary history and relationships between groups of organisms.

A

Phylogeny

(behaviour is altered in ways that reflect environmental changes)

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3
Q

Phylogenic process is governed by:
evolution of _______ _______ (Darwin) and it takes place within many generations of species.

A

natural selection

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4
Q

Mechanisms for change operate at the level of _____________.

A

individual

(individual carries the genes which are passed only in case of successful reproduction)

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5
Q

_________ refers to development/changes in behaviour within an individual’s lifetime due to changes in the environment or _________ and ___________.

A

Ontogeny,

  • maturation = prenatal developmental changes such as walking, talking
  • learning = changes in behaviour due to experiences which may increase adaptability and chance of survival
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6
Q

Grate apes include:

A

chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, humans

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7
Q

Apes are divided into two subfamilies:

A

ponginae (orangutan)

homininae (gorillas, chimpanzee, humans)

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8
Q

Non-human apes are close to humans:

A

anatomically
genetically
cognitivly

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9
Q

_________ are most related/close to humans compared to other apes.

A

Chimpanzees

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10
Q

________ are more close to chimpanzee/humans than orangutans.

A

Gorillas

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11
Q

Arrested ___________ : some males mature sexually but not physically

A

adolescence or development

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12
Q

What is ontogeny?
Select one:
a.
Involves development or change in behaviour within the lifetime of an individual.
b.
changes in the environment
c.
changes in an individual’s learning

A

a.
Involves development or change in behaviour within the lifetime of an individual.

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13
Q

What is pyhlogeny?
Select one or more:
a.
a change that can take place across generations within a species
b.
a change that is governed by principles of evolution by natural selection
c.
a change that depends on ontogenetic change

A

a.
a change that can take place across generations within a species
b.
a change that is governed by principles of evolution by natural selection
c.
a change that depends on ontogenetic change

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14
Q

Non-human great apes are very like humans:
Select one or more:
a.
cognitively
b.
None of these
c.
genetically
d.
anatomically

A

a.
cognitively
c.
genetically
d.
anatomically

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15
Q

Chimpanzees are more closely related to humans (genus Homo) than to other great apes.

True
False

A

True

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16
Q

Gorillas are more closely related to the chimpanzee-human duo than to orangutans:

True
False

A

True

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17
Q

Bornean and Sumatran orangutans are different in what ways?
Select one or more:
a.
reproductively
b.
physically
c.
chromosomally
d.
cognitively

A

a.
reproductively
b.
physically
c.
chromosomally

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18
Q

There are possible fossil ancestors for gorillas but only a set of teeth for chimpanzees.
True
False

A

True

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19
Q

Rape is common is ________.

A

orangutans

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20
Q

Rape in orangutans is committed by small males “arrested in adolescence” True/False

A

True
(They pray on single females with no support).

21
Q

By raping, these males may fertilise females who would otherwise not choose to mate with
them. True/False

22
Q

Up to ____ percent of mating is a result of rapes.

23
Q

Rape can last for ____ minutes and females let out ‘rape grunts’.

24
Q

Infanticide is common for _________.

25
The reason for infanticide is usually the death of a dominant protecting male and removal of competitors genes. True/False
True
26
'Domestic violence' (battering females) is commonly observed in _________.
Chimpanzees
27
Battering starts when males reach adolescence and is done to establish dominance over females. True/False
True
28
Lack of bonds between female chimpanzees and strong male bonds enables battering. True/False
True
29
_________ are the gentle/sexy apes
Bonobos
30
Co-dominance between males and females is common in bonobos. True/False
True
31
2 species of Pan:
- Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) - Bonobo (Pan paniscus)
32
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) * live in rainforests & savannah woodlands of west, central & east Africa * 100 years ago: >1 million across Africa * Now: < 300,000
33
Chimp subspieces: * Western Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) * Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) * Central Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) * Eastern Chimpanzee
34
Compared to bonobos, _____________ have a more robust appearance, with a stouter more muscular build.
chimpanzees
35
Adult male chimpanzees are extreme/moderately larger than adult females?
moderately
36
Contrast with extreme size difference between adult male & female is in _________ and __________.
gorillas & orangutans
37
Activity budget (daytime) for adult females in the wild/captivity? * 30% foraging * 40% resting * 30% travelling
wild
38
Activity budgets (daytime) for captive chimpanzees have: * less ‘work’ (foraging & travelling) & * more ‘leisure’ (resting) True/False
True (Possible problems in captivity: boredom, ‘aberrant’ behaviours, stereotypy, obesity)
39
Chimps live in large groups: * usually 40-60 chimpanzees (can be 15-120) * sex ratio approximately equal
40
BROADLY TERRITORIAL * ranges may overlap by 20%, but always > _______ km between two groups
5
41
Usually travel in small/large groups?
small * up to 10 in Gombe, up to 20 in rainforest * Fission: Fusion society
42
Female bonobos display homosexual behaviour through ______ rubbing.
GG Genital genital
42
DIET MAINLY FRUIT (ESPECIALLY FIGS) * Eat 100+ plant species * spend 6-8 HOURS A DAY feeding – feeding peaks 7–9 a.m. & 5 p.m. * termites eaten at the beginning of rainy season * Nut-cracking at some sites (hammer & anvil) * also eat meat – hunt Red Colobus & other monkeys – occasionally bushbuck, young bushpig
43
BONOBO- Restricted to south of _________ River
Congo (only found in Congo)
44
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BONOBOS & CHIMPANZEES BONOBOS: * Squat when resting * Calls are more shrill, almost birdlike * Temperament is livelier & ‘nervous’, their movements quicker * Red lips * MUCH LESS AGGRESSIVE
45
ANATOMICALLY, BODY PROPORTIONS MORE LIKE HUMANS: * smaller, rounder heads (skulls) * longer rear legs * stand more upright (often) * difference in weight between males & females more humanoid, females average 85% of male weight (in chimps they average <75%)
46
BONOBOS DAILY ACTIVITY BUDGET: Feeding ≈ 40%; Resting ≈ 32%; Travel ≈ 16% & Interacting with others (mainly grooming) ≈ 6% DAILY RANGE mean 2 km
46
BONOBOS FAMOUS FOR SEX (NOT WAR- aggression does exist but less than in chimps) HOMOSEXUAL & IMMATURE SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
Genito-genital (GG) rubbing: Juvenile males sexually precocious
47
BONOBOS - COMMUNAL WARFARE? yes/no
no