Exam Revision Flashcards
A phobia is an ____________ , ______________ fear reaction to a particular event. From a classical conditioning perspective, it seems to represent a process of overgeneralisation:
a. Appropriate, irrational
b. Excessive, irrational
c. Appropriate, rational
d. Excessive, rational
excessive, irrational
In the Little Albert experiment, the rat was originally a(n) _____________ stimulus, while the loud noise was a(n) ______________ stimulus:
a. conditioned, neutral
b. neutral, conditioned
c. neutral, unconditioned
d. unconditioned, neutral
c. neutral, unconditioned
Little Albert’s startle response to the noise was a(n) _____________ response, while his crying in response to the rat was a(n) ______________ response:
a. unconditioned, conditioned
b. conditioned, unconditioned
c. neutral, unconditioned
d. unconditioned, neutral
a. unconditioned, conditioned
One difference between Little Albert’s fear conditioning and conditioning of real-life phobias is that the latter often require ____________ conditioning trial and often grow ___________ with time:
a. Only one, stronger
b. More than one, stronger
c. Only one, weaker
d. More than one, weaker
a. Only one, stronger
The concept of _______________ holds that we are genetically programmed to acquire certain kinds of fears, such as fear of snakes and spiders, more readily than other kinds, such as toasters or hair dryers:
a. Classical Conditioning
b. Observational learning
c. temperament
d. preparedness
d. preparedness
Modern-day therapies for phobias are often given the general name of ______________ - ______________ treatments:
a. Aversion-based
b. Exposure-based
c. Desensitisation-based
d. Counterconditioning-based
b. Exposure-based
Shaping is:
a. the reinforcement of a new operant behaviour
b. the gradual reinforcement of a new operant behaviour
c. the reinforcement of successive approximations to a new operant behaviour
d. the creation of a new operant behaviour through successive approximations to
reinforcement
c. the reinforcement of successive approximations to a new operant behaviour
A positive reinforcer is a stimulus, the presentation of which:
a. Increases the strength of a response
b. Follows a response and increases the strength of that response
c. Decreases the strength of a response
d. Follows a response and decreases the strength of that response
b. Follows a response and increases the strength of that response
How do the functions of the sympathetic nervous system differ from those of the parasympathetic nervous system?
a. The sympathetic system controls the left side of the body, and the parasympathetic system controls the right side.
b. The parasympathetic system controls the left side of the body, and the sympathetic system controls the right side.
c. The sympathetic system readies the body for emergency activities (fight-or-flight), and the parasympathetic system activates digestive and other less urgent responses.
d. The parasympathetic system readies the body for emergency activities (fight-or- flight), and the sympathetic system activates digestive and other less urgent responses.
c. The sympathetic system readies the body for emergency activities (fight-or-flight), and the parasympathetic system activates digestive and other less urgent responses.
Which of the following causes a panic attack?
a. Lack of feedback to the brain from heartbeat and other autonomic responses.
b. Decreased heart rate in a situation that should call for heightened arousal.
c. Equal, simultaneous arousal of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
systems.
d. Intense, unexplained arousal of the sympathetic nervous system.
d. Intense, unexplained arousal of the sympathetic nervous system.
Why do we know more about the brain mechanisms of fear and anxiety than we do about other emotions?
a. Clinical psychologists have greater interest in anxiety than other emotions.
b. Anxiety depends on brain areas that are easier to reach surgically.
c. Unlike other emotions, anxiety depends on only a single neurotransmitter.
d. Researchers can more readily measure anxiety than other emotions in laboratory
animals.
d. Researchers can more readily measure anxiety than other emotions in laboratory
animals.
Research on the amygdala supports which of these psychological conclusions?
a. People who experience great fear also tend to experience a great amount of anger.
b. Anxiety disorders are more common in women than in men, and more common in
young people than in older people.
c. What we call fear is a combination of several components, not one simple entity.
d. People have six basic types of emotion.
c. What we call fear is a combination of several components, not one simple entity.
Which brain area most strongly inhibits or modifies the response of the amygdala to a potentially threatening stimulus?
a. The prefrontal cortex.
b. The cerebellum.
c. The basal ganglia.
d. The locus coeruleus.
a. The prefrontal cortex.
How do poikilothermic (ectothermic) animals regulate their body temperature, if at all?
a. They move to a location with a more favourable temperature.
b. They use physiological mechanisms such as shivering and sweating.
c. They increase their metabolic rate.
d. They do not regulate their body temperature at all.
d. They do not regulate their body temperature at all.
People differ in their likelihood of consuming milk products in adulthood because of what type of genetic difference?
a. Genetic variants in tastebuds
b. Genetic variants in neurotransmitters of the hypothalamus
c. Genetic variants in ability to metabolise lactose
d. Genetic variants in mechanisms of hypovolemic thirst
c. Genetic variants in ability to metabolise lactose
What is the primary advantage of maintaining a constant high body temperature?
a. It saves us the energy from having to look for a comfortable temperature.
b. It enables us to survive in warmer climates.
c. It keeps the muscles ready for rapid, prolonged activity even in cold weather.
d. Other things being equal, animals with a higher body temperature live longer than
those with a lower temperature.
a. It saves us the energy from having to look for a comfortable temperature.
Increased blood glucose causes increased release of ________, which________the ability of glucose to enter the cells.
a. Insulin; increases
b. Insulin; decreases
c. Glucagon; increases
d. Glucagon; decreases
a. Insulin; increases
Which of the following describes the relationship between taste and eating:
a. Taste is sufficient to control eating.
b. Taste is necessary for eating.
c. Taste is both necessary and sufficient for eating.
d. Taste is neither necessary nor sufficient for eating, although it contributes.
d. Taste is neither necessary nor sufficient for eating, although it contributes.
Leptin is produced by the_______cells. In most cases it tends to_______appetite.
a. Fat; decrease
b. Hypothalamic; decrease
c. Pancreas; increase
d. Intestinal; increase
a. Fat; decrease
How has the prevalence of obesity changed since the availability of high-fructose corn syrup and artificially sweetened diet beverages?
a. Each of them has helped lower the prevalence of obesity.
b. High-fructose corn syrup helped lower obesity rates, but diet drinks did not.
c. Diet drinks helped lower obesity rates, but high-fructose corn syrup did not.
d. The prevalence of obesity has increased after the availability of both of these.
d. The prevalence of obesity has increased after the availability of both of these.
You visit a new friend for the first time and as you enter his apartment his cat hisses and jumps on you from above the doorway. This happens for several nights. Then one evening you come in for a visit and at the sound of the cat’s hiss you jump briskly to one side and the cat lands on the floor next to you. The cat’s hiss is the:
a. Conditioned stimulus
b. Conditioned response
c. Unconditioned stimulus
d. Unconditioned response
a. Conditioned stimulus
During a war, a person lived near sirens that sounded when an air raid was about to occur. Whenever she heard an ambulance siren after the war, she would begin to sweat and become anxious. Her reaction to the ambulance siren is an example of:
a. Paradoxical conditioning
b. Negative reinforcement
c. A conditioned emotional response
d. A conditioned latent response
c. A conditioned emotional response
The purpose of John Watson’s famous study with little Albert (in which he conditioned Albert to associate furry things with a loud noise) was to demonstrate that:
a. A phobia could be induced but also extinguished
b. Operant and classical conditioning could achieve similar results
c. Latent learning could occur in infants and children
d. A fear response could be classically conditioned
d. A fear response could be classically conditioned
An environmental consequence which when presented is followed by an increase in responding is called a:
a. Success
b. Stroke of good fortune
c. “sure thing”
d. Positive reinforcement
d. Positive reinforcement
Extinction of operant behaviour requires:
a. Removal of the reinforcer
b. Punishment
c. A combination of punishment and reasoning
d. A combination of punishment and removal of reinforcement
a. Removal of the reinforcer
You are attracted to the person standing behind you at the supermarket checkout. You are about to strike up a conversation but change your mind when you notice the person is wearing a wedding band. The wedding band is acting as a:
a. Punishment
b. Negative reinforcer
c. Discriminative stimulus
d. Conditioning stimulus
c. Discriminative stimulus
Observational learning in which a human learns to reproduce behaviour exhibited by another is called:
a. Tutelage
b. Operationalism
c. Modelling
d. Motivational learning
c. Modelling
Repetitive behaviour patterns (e.g., pacing) that appear to have no obvious function or goal are sometimes observed in captive animals. Such behaviours are known as:
a. Non-functional b. Stressful
c. Stereotypic
d. Non-stereotypic
c. Stereotypic
Tools found with fossils from a human-like ancestor with a Bulge of Broca’s area visible in a brain cast, suggest a possible capability of rudimentary speech. This fossil is known as the ‘toolmaker’ or:
a. Homo erectus
b. Homo ergaster
c. Homo habilis
d. Australopithecus afarensis
c. Homo habilis
The subjects used in the original learned helplessness experiments were:
a. Rats
b. Dogs
c. Pigeons
d. People
b. Dogs
A recently discovered ‘messenger’ molecule, which is synthesised enzymatically in areas of the brain important to memory, higher thought processes, and control of movement, sometimes known as the “bliss” molecule, is:
a. Dopamine
b. Serotonin
c. Anandamide
d. Acetylcholine
c. Anandamide
For ectotherms, the main source of heat is from:
a. Its own body through metabolic activity
b. Countercurrent heat exchange
c. The environment
d. Insulation
c. The environment
About two thirds of adult humans have low levels of the enzyme _____________which is needed to metabolise the sugar in milk.
a. Lactose
b. Lactase
c. Glucose
d. Glucase
b. Lactase
A flagship species is best described as:
a. A species which is used in ex-situ conservation campaigns to symbolise broad conservation issues
b. a species which has large habitat demands (e.g. home range and feeding demands)
c. a species whose image is used as a logo for a conservation company
d. a large, charismatic mammal who is popular amongst members of the public
and zoo visitors
a. A species which is used in ex-situ conservation campaigns to symbolise broad conservation issues
alpha chains of human & ______ blood hemoglobin have identical sequences of amino acids- if blood chemistry is matched, humans can have a blood transfusion from these primates.
chimpanzees
the human genome project was completed in which year
2003
Lucy’s skeleton showed that bipedalism evolved ________ bigger brains
before
A-T & C-G ____ ______ form DNA nucleotides along with sugar & phosphates
base pairs
This chimpanzee who died in 2004 at age 24 provided the DNA for the chimpanzee genome project
Clint
hearing and brain development most accelerated evolution in humans and ___________
gorillas
the amygdala is located in the _______ lobe of the brain
temporal
this part of the brain is critical in the process of classical conditioning - it creates the associations between stimuli to form adaptive behaviours
amygdala
this hormone triggers the production of anandamide, which stimulates cannabinoid receptors, enhancing good feelings around socialising.
Oxytocin
body temperature fluctuates with environment
poikilothermy
body heat derived from environment - low metabolic rate
ecothermy
body temp remains constant
homeothermy
body heat derived from metabolism - high metabolic rate
endothermy
what kind of medical procedure can carry a risk of hypothermia?
heart surgery
approx. percentage of energy used to maintain body heat (maintain homeothermy) in a human
50%
provides carbohydrates, proteins and fats for metabolism
eating
used for body heat and work: transport, synthesis, storage
energy
A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules
anabolic
regulates anabolic cell activities and glucose uptake in cells
Insulin
____________ rate
changes with age, sex, body, fat, activity and diet,
metabolic
