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ARCH 110 > Week 5 Foundations > Flashcards

Week 5 Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What is a foundation?

A

A foundation is the lowest division of a building (substructure) constructed partially of wholly below the surface of the ground.

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2
Q

What is the foundation’s primary function?

A

To support and anchor the superstructure above and transmit its loads safely into the earth. It must be designed to both accommodate the form and the layout of the super structure above and respond to the varying conditions of soil, rock, and water below.

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3
Q

What are the two principal loads on a foundation?

A

The principal loads on a foundation are the combination of dead and live loads acting vertically on the superstructure.

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4
Q

What is settlement?

A

Settlement is the gradual subsiding of structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates under loading.

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5
Q

A properly designed and constructed foundation system should distribute its loads so that whatever settlement occurs in minimal or is uniformly distributed under all portions of the structure. True or false?

A

True

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6
Q

What is differential settlement?

A

The relative movement of different parts of a structure caused by uneven consolidation of the foundation soil - Can cause a building to shift out of plumb and cracks to occur in its foundation, structure, or finishes.

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7
Q

What are the types of foundation systems and explain them.

A
  1. Basements wholly or partly below grade require a continuous foundation wall to hold back the surrounding earth and support the exterior walls and columns of the superstructure above
  2. Crawl spaces enclosed by a continuous foundation wall or piers provide space under a first floor for the integration of and access to mechanical, electrical, and plumbing installations.
  3. Concrete slabs-on-grade supported directly by the earth and thickened to carry wall and column loads form an economical foundation and floor system for one-and two-story structures in climates where little or no ground frost occurs.
  4. A grid of independent piers or poles can elevate the superstructure above the surface of the ground
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8
Q

What is the lowest part of a shallow foundation?

A

Spread footings.

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9
Q

Why are spread footings used and extended laterally?

A

They are extended laterally to distribute their load over an area of soil wide enough that the allowable bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded.

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10
Q

What is the minimum psi of a concrete footing’s compressive strength?

A

2500psi

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11
Q

When is tensile reinforcement required in a footing?

A

Tensile reinforcement is required when a spread footing projects more than half of the foundation wall thickness and is subject to bending.

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12
Q

How much concrete should be above the steel reinforcement (minimum)?

A

6”

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13
Q

How many inches from the bottom should the steel reinforcing bars be (minimum)?

A

3”

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14
Q

What is the thickness of concrete or unit masonry foundation wall supporting two floors?

A

8” minimum

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15
Q

What is the projection, thickness of footing and width of footing ? (values)

A

Projection = 1/2 of concrete wall thickness
Thickness of footing = Thickness of concrete wall
Width of footing = 2 times the thickness of the concrete wall.

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16
Q

What is done to minimize frost heave?

A

To minimize the effects of ground heaving when ground water freezes and expands in cold weather, building codes require that footings be placed below the depth of frost penetration expected at the building site.

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17
Q

What is the frost line?

A

Frostline is the average depth at which soil is frozen or frost penetrates the ground.

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18
Q

What should be done to minimize settlement.

A

To minimize settlement, footings should always rest on stable, undisturbed soil free of organic material. When this is not possible, a specially engineered fill, compacted in 8” to 12” layers at a controlled moisture content can be used to make up the extra depth.

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19
Q

What Zone is delhi in?

A

Zone 6. footings have to be 4’ below ground

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20
Q

What are the most common forms of spread footings?

A

Strip footings and isolated footings.

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21
Q

What are stripped and isolated footings?

A

Strip footings are the continuous spread footings of foundation walls.

Isolated footings are the individual spread footings supporting freestanding columns and piers

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22
Q

What is a stepped footing?

A

Stepped footings are strip footings that change levels in stages to accommodate a sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a building.

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23
Q

Foundation walls provide support for the super structure above and enclose a basement or crawl space partly or wholly below grade. True or false?

A

True

24
Q

In addition to the vertical loads from the superstructure, foundation walls must be designed and constructed to resist active earth pressure and anchor the superstructure against wind and seismic forces. True or False?

A

True

25
Q

What is needed to resist lateral, uplifting, or overturning forces?

A

Positive anchorage

26
Q

The foundation wall should be extended how many inches above finished grade?

A

6”

27
Q

The finish grade should have a slope of what percentage to drain surface water from rain or melting show away from the foundation?

A

5%

28
Q

A foundation wall requires dampproofing or waterproofing, and a subsoil drainage system. True or false?

A

True

29
Q

What does a steel dowel or mechanical key do?

A

Anchor the foundation wall to the footing.

30
Q

Crawl spaces require ventilation. true or false?

A

True

31
Q

Concrete foundation walls

Castin in place concrete foundation walls require what?

A

They require formwork and access to place the concrete

32
Q

Sill plates are anchored to the foundation using?

A

Anchor bolts.

33
Q

What is the minimum concrete wall thickness?

A

8”

34
Q

What is a Concrete Masonry Foundation wall?

A

A wall that utilizes easily handled small units and do not require formwork. Because concrete masonry is a modular material, all major dimensions should be based on the 8” module of standard concrete block.

35
Q

The cells on the top course of a masonry foundation wall are filled with what?

A

grout

36
Q

Masonry units are laid in what bond using what mortar?

A

They are laid in a running bond with Type M or S mortar.

37
Q

What are the typical sill plates?

A

2x6 or 2x8 pressure treated wood.

38
Q

1/2” anchor bolts embedded at least ___” into concrete or grouted cells of masonry foundation walls at no more than ___” O.C.

A

1/2” anchor bolts embedded at least 7” into concrete or grouted cells of masonry foundation walls at no more than 6” O.C.

39
Q

Provide ____” minimum air space on the tops, sides, and ends of wood beans entering a concrete or masonry wall unless pressure-treated wood is used.

A

Provide 1/2” minimum air space on the tops, sides, and ends of wood beans entering a concrete or masonry wall unless pressure-treated wood is used.

40
Q

When is dampproofing applied to a foundation wall?

A

Dampprofing is applied to a foundation wall when subsoil conditions indicate that hydrostatic pressure from the groundwater table will not occur.

41
Q

When subject to hydrostatic pressure from the groundwater table, foundation walls should be water proofed. Some buildings codes require that all foundation walls enclosing a habitable space below grade be waterproofed. True or false?

A

True

42
Q

Why is a subsoil drainage system required?

A

A subsoil drainage system is required to collect and divert water away from a foundation to a storm sewer, dry well, or natural out fall at a lower elevation on the site.

43
Q

Dampproofing or waterproofing membrane should extend from ____” above grade to the _________.
Dampproofing may consist of _____ or ______________

A

Dampproofing or waterproofing membrane should extend from 6” above grade to the top of the footing.
Dampproofing may consist of a bituminous or acrylic modified cement coating.

44
Q

Waterproofing membrane may consist of ______ or ________, _____, or other approved material capable of bridging non structural cracks.

A

Waterproofing membrane may consist of rubberized or polymer modified asphalt, butyl rubber, or other approved material capable of bridging non structural cracks.

45
Q

___ “ minimum cover of gravel or crushed stone above the top of the drain pipe

A

6”

46
Q

Protect top of pipe w/ ?

A

Filter fabric

47
Q

Footing drain of perforated pipe or drain tile is ____” minimum

A

4” minimum

48
Q

Why do stepped footings change levels?

A

Stepped footings change levels in stages to accommodate a sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a building

49
Q

What is the minimum slab thickness?

A

4”

50
Q

What does welded wire fabric reinforcement do?

A

Welded wire fabric reinforcement set at or slightly above the mid-depth of the slab controls thermal stresses, shrinkage cracking, and slight differential movement in the soil bed; a grid of reinforcing bars may be required for slabs carrying heavier-than-normal floor loads.

51
Q

In mils, what size is the polyethylene moisture barrier underneath the slab?

A

6 mils

52
Q

Base course of gravel or crushed stone to prevent capillary rise of groundwater under the slab is ____” minimum

A

4” minimum

53
Q

What are three types of joints and explain them?

A

Three types of joints may be created or constructed in order to accommodate movement in the plane of a concrete slab grade:

Isolation joints- often called expansion joints, allow movement to occur between a concrete slab and adjoining columns and walls of a building.

Construction Joints- provide a place for construction to stop and then continue at a later time

Control joints - create lines of weakness so that the cracking that may result from tensile stress occurs along predetermined lines.

54
Q

In control joints, what are the dimensions of the sawn joint?

A

1/8” wide and 1/4” of the slab depth; fill with joint filler.

55
Q

A concrete slab may be HAUNCHED/ thickened to support an interior bearing partition or post and transmit the load to the underlying soil. True or false?

A

True

56
Q

For a thickened edge slab, The footing depth must be a minimum of _____”. And it must be set below __________ or ____” below ground surface.

A

For a thickened edge slab, The footing depth must be a minimum of 12”. And it must be set below Frost line or 12” below ground surface.

ARCH 110 (12 decks)

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