Week 5 - Endocrine System Flashcards
What are some relevant nursing actions?
- Insulin subcutaneous injections
- Assessment and recording: - Blood glucose levels
- heart rate
- blood pressure
- temperature
- fluid balance
- urinalysis
- patient weight.
Define what a hormone is
Potent chemical molecule secreted into blood from an endocrine cell that alters the metabolism of a target cell through binding to a specific receptors
Name the three chemical classes of hormones
- Steroid
- Monoamine (amino acid)
- Peptide (chain of amino acids)
Describe the action of tropic hormones
Stimulates another type of endocrine to secrete a different hormone
State the consequence of a target cell(s) lacking the receptors to a certain hormone
Target cell will not respond to hormone
What hormone does Pineal Gland produce?
Melatonin
What hormone does Anterior Pituitary produce?
- TSH
- ACTH
- FSH
- LH
- Prolactin
- Growth hormone
What hormone does Hypothalamus produce?
- Pituitary regulatory hormones
- ADH
- Oxytocin
What hormone does Thyroid Gland produce?
Thyroxine
What hormone does Andrenal Gland produce?
- Adrenalin
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
What hormone does Parathyroid Gland produce?
Parathyroid hormone
What hormone does Heart produce?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
What hormone does Thymus produce?
Thymopoietin
What hormone does Pancreas Islets produce?
- Insulin
- Glucagon
What hormone does Kidneys produce?
- Calcitriol
- Erythropoietin
What hormone does Liver produce?
Angiotensinogen
What hormone does Stomach produce?
Ghrelin
What hormones does Adipose produce?
Leptin
What hormone does Gonads produce?
- Oestrogen
- Testosterone
- Inhibin
Identify four hormones in the tables of question 8 and 9 that can influence blood glucose
- Insulin
- Glucagon
- Thyroxine
- Cortisol, adrenalin
Describe how insulin and glucagon work antagonistically in controlling blood glucose
- Insulin = Glucose into cells (BGL decreases)
- Glucagon = Glucose out of cells (BGL increases)
Explain why insulin (a peptide hormone) is administered as a subcutaneous injection rather than an oral medication
Avoids chemical digestion in stomach
- Pepsin (breaks peptide bonds)
- Hydrochloric acid (HCI) (Denatures)
Below are the BGLs of a student over a 90-minute period following the ingestion of a large handful of jellybeans (glucose). State what you think could be happening in the students’ body in terms of the hormones released and BGL at each time point (a) to (d)
a - BGL increases - pancreas secretes insulin
b - BGL decreases - glucose transported into cells
c - BGL decreases - pancreas secretes glucagon
d - BGL normal - hormones not secreted
What is the function of Aldosterone
Conservation of Na+ and elimination of K+ at kidney
What is the function of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Secreted in response to low calcium
What is the function of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Promotes water retention in kidney tubules
What is the function of Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Development and secretion in the adrenal cortex
What is the function of Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Reduces blood volume and blood pressure
What is the function of Melatonin
Setting of circadian rhythms
What is the function of Oxytocin
Uterine contractions and milk ejection
What is the function of Thyroxine
Growth and metabolic rate (ATP and heat production)
What is the function of Adrenalin
Short-term stress (“fight or flight”)
What is the function of Ghrelin
Secreted by stomach signals hypothalamus to stimulate appetite
What is the function of Growth hormone (GH)
Stimulates protein anabolism and fat mobilisation
What is the function of Leptin
Secreted by the adipocytes (satiety)
What are five statements about the endocrine system?
- Endocrine cells are surrounded by fenestrated capillaries
- Endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary are regulated by the hypothalamus
- Hormones may work permissively, antagonistically, or synergistically together
- Peptide hormones like insulin can be denatured by pH and temperature changes
- Kidneys, liver and lungs collaborate in the formation of angiotensin II.
What are five statements about hormones
- Secreted directly into the blood
- Bind only to a specific (matching) receptor
- Change the metabolism of a cell(s)
- Insulin facilitates the transportation of glucose into cells
- Cortisol raises blood glucose levels during long periods of stress
What are five ways the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism increases blood pressure (BP)
- Increasing the volume of blood by encouraging a person to drink
- Vasoconstriction by the action of angiotensin II
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) facilitating water conservation at the kidneys
- Aldosterone facilitating tubular reabsorption of sodium (Na+) at the kidneys
- Kidneys releasing renin in response to a reduction in glomerular BP
An excess of visceral fat around body organs and lipid in the liver, pancreas and skeletal muscles are associated with poorer health outcomes. This additional fat initiates metabolic changes throughout the body such as inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin over secretion. Insulin is linked to metabolic syndrome, a condition that includes hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, hyperglycaemia and a waist to height ratio greater than 0.49. The normal secretion of insulin from the pancreas is associated with ______
- Decreasing the level of glucose in the blood
- Suppressing the appetite and secretion of glucagon
- Switching off lipolysis
The period in which humans eat is timed to coincide with the hours we are most active. The circadian rhythm that underpins this pattern is controlled by the secretion of melatonin from the ______ in response to ultraviolet light. The microbiota also functions according to circadian rhythms, but with some being more active at night. To assist these microbes, it is ‘recommended’ for humans to have a non-eating window (fast) of ______ hours across a night
Pineal gland; >twelve
