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Tissue biology > Week 5 endocrine system > Flashcards

Week 5 endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A
  • synthesis of chemical messengers- hormones
  • disseminated via bloodstream to specific target organs or act locally
  • coordinate and integrate bodily funcitons
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2
Q

What are endocrine organs generally composed of?

A

Islands of secretory epithelial cells with supporting tissue rich in blood and lymphatic capillaires

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3
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Extension below hypothalamus

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4
Q

Name some of the target organs of pituitary glands

A

Breast, uterus - oxytocin
Kidneys - ADH
Ovaries/testes - FSH, LH

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

What is the origin of the Posterior (neurohyoiohysis)

A
  • enuroectoderm
  • downgroeth of nervous tissue form hypothalamus
  • maintains link with hypothalamus by pituitary stalk (infanfibulum)
  • stains a lot lighter - myelinated axons
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7
Q

What is the origin of the Anterior
(Adenohypophysis)

A
  • oral ecoderm
  • upgrowth form roof of primitive oropharynx
  • rathke pouch
    Loses attachment with oral cavity
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8
Q

Cleft separates by posterior and anterior

A

Pestigal
- left over form pouch
- forms part of pars intermedia

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9
Q

What controls the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Hormones secreted by pituitary fall into 2 groups?

A
  1. Those acting on non-endocrine tissues
  2. Those modifying secretpry activity of other endocrine tissues
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11
Q

Give examples of type 1

A

Growth hormone
ADH
prolactin
Oxytocin
MSH

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12
Q

Give an example of type 2

A

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH

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13
Q

What are the thyroid, adrenal, gonads known as?

A

Pituitary-dependent endocrine glands

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14
Q

Released continuously or in burst?

A

Usually bursts or circadium rhythms
Vary during menstrual cycle

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15
Q

What is the posterior pituitary site of storage and relase of?

A

2 hormones
- adh (vasopressin) - synthesised in supraoptic nucleus
- oxytocin - synthesised in paraventriclar nucleus

Both pass down axons of hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract, within the pituitary stalk
- stored in distended axon terminal
- nerve impulses form hypothalamus control release

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16
Q

What are herring bodies?

A
  • posterior pituitary composed of non-myelinated axons
  • cel bodies lie in supraoptic and paraventircular nuclei of hypothalamus
  • secretory granules present all along axons
  • most numerous in terminal distension where they meet capillarie s
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17
Q

What are the three divisions of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars intermedia
  • pars tubularis
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18
Q

What is the fucntion of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • hormone producitona nd secretion
  • secretion regulated by hypothalamic releasing hormone
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19
Q

What is thr pituitary derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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20
Q

What are the main two cell tyoes of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • darkly staining chromophils (basophils and acidophils)
  • pale staining chromophobes
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21
Q

What are the two types of chromophil cells?

A

Acidophil and basophil

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22
Q

Mammotrophs

A

Increase during pregnanc

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23
Q

Somatotrophs

A

Abt 50%
Growth hormone

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24
Q

Descirbe the histology of the pars intermedia

A
  • derived from remnants of rathke pouch
  • composed of basophilic cells
  • located between AP and PP
  • systic structures containing colloid
  • porduce poropiomelanocortin and MSh in foetal life
25
Q

What is the thyroid gland controled by?

A

Hypothalamus

26
Q

What hormones are released by thyroid?

A

TRH - stimulates thyroid cells to release TSH
- negative feedback loop

27
Q

What is the histology of the thyroid gland

A
  • basic unit is the follicles
  • speroidla sturcutre lined by cuboidal epithelium
  • vary in size filled with colloid
  • gland divided into lonules by septae
28
Q

What are the two major hormones produced by thyroid?

A
  1. Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
  2. Thyroxine (T4)
29
Q

What do the hormones produced by the thyroid do?

A
  • Regulate how wuickly the body burns energy, makes proeitns, contorls how sensitive the body is to other homones
  • also porduces calcitonin
30
Q

Thyroid gland inacitve

A
31
Q

Thyroid gland acitve

A

Epithelial cells less suppressed

32
Q

Thyroid C cells

A

Calcitonin produced by parafollicluar Ccells
- small clumps between follicles
- calcitonin physiological antagonist of parathyoid hormone
- lowers blood calcium levels

33
Q

parathyroid gland

A

Small 2-5 mm glands, closely related to thyroid (posterior surface) two pairs in most ppl

34
Q

histology of parathyroid gland

A
  • parathyroid gland
  • thyroid gland
  • fibrous septum
35
Q

What are functions of the parathyroid?

A

Bone, kidney, intestine - calcium into blood stream

36
Q

descirbe the cell types of parathyroid cells

A

Two cell types
- principle or chief cells
- oxyphil cells

37
Q

describe principal or chief cells

A
  • small dark nuclei, pale cytoplasm
  • most numerous
  • secrete PTH
38
Q

Describe ozyphil cells

A
  • abundant pink cytoplasm
  • not knwon to have secretory role
39
Q

Adrenal gland

A
40
Q

Adrenal gland anatomy

A

On top of kidneys

41
Q

what are the two components of the adrenal gland

A
  • adrenal cortex and medulla
42
Q

The adrenbal cortex seretes which hormones?

A

Steroid hormones

43
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones produced by adrenal cortex

A
  • mineralocorticoids
    -> fluic and electrolyte balance
  • glucoocorticoids
    -> carbs and lipid balance
  • sex hormones
44
Q

name the three zones in the adrenal cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona - reticularis
45
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa do

A
  • cell clusters separate by fibrous septae
  • secrete mineralcorticoids
  • mainly aldosterone - acts on renal tubules to increase sodium and water retention
46
Q

What does the zona fasciculata do?

A
  • columns of cells with abundant pale cytoplasm
  • one cell thick separated by capillaries
  • secrete glucoocorticoids, mainly cortisol
47
Q

What does the zona reticularis do?

A
  • irregular groups of cells
  • separated by wide calibre capiries
  • source of adrenal androgens, DHEA, DHEAS and glucocorticoids
48
Q

Descirbe the histology of the adrenal medulla

A
  • cluster of cells with granular, basophilic cytoplasm
  • very vascular
  • secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline
  • tun brown in chomiun salt fixative = chormaffin cells
  • cells secreting neuroadrenaline (Na) more strongly postive
49
Q

Descirbe the cells contianed in the endocrine pancreas

A
  • islets of langerhands
    -> most numerous in tail
    -> groups and strands of cells around capillary network
  • 3 tyoes of cells:
    Alpha - glucagon
    Beta - insulin
    Delta somatostatin
50
Q

what is the funciton of the pineal gland?

A

Synthesis of melatonin - induces rthyhmical changes in endocrine activity

51
Q

Pinealocytes

A

Secrete melatonin into capillaries via long axons modified neurons

52
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

Support pinealocytes are modified astrocytes

53
Q

Basophilic pineal sand

A

Dalts of calcium magnesium and silicon - feature of aging gland

54
Q

Descirbe the histology of pineal glands

A
  • small dark nuclei belond to the astrocytes found in pineal gland
  • pinealocytes have alrger, lighter and round nculei surrounded by brad rin of light cytmoplasmm , most nuclei present are nuckei pinealocytes
  • endothelial cell nuclei found in association wihth vesels and capillaries traverisn the tissue
55
Q

What do pinealocytes and astrocytes have in common?

A

Lonf processes which give the tissue between the nuclei its stringy appearance

56
Q

Describe the diffuse neuroendocrine system

A
  • scattered neuroendocirne cells
  • GI systme
  • respiratory system
57
Q

Descirbe the GI system

A

Secretions include gastin, secretin, somatostatin
VIP (vascoactive intestinal peptide)

58
Q

Descirbe the respiratory system

A
  • secretions include serotonin, calcitonin, bombesin
  • act in endocrine or paracrine fashion

Tissue biology (8 decks)

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