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Tissue biology > Introduction to tissue biology - week 1 > Flashcards

Introduction to tissue biology - week 1 Flashcards

(1) definitions (2) tissue sampling (3) recap of anatomy

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1
Q

Define tissue biology

A

= histology
- study of the morphological features of normal cells and tissues mainly using a light microscope

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2
Q

Why is tissue biology relevant?

A
  • helps understanding how the body functions
  • can’t recognise abnormal until understanding the normal
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3
Q

Define histology

A

= the stud of the micro anatomy of cells, tissues, organs as seen through a microscope
- examines the correlation between structure and function
- “what normal looks like”

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4
Q

Define pathology

A

= branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of surgically removed organs, tissues (biopsy samples), bodily fluids, in some cases whole body (autopsy)
“what disease looks like”

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5
Q

Define physiology

A

= science of life
- branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things, form the basis of cell function at the ionic and molecular level to the integrated behaviour of the whole body and the influence of the external environment
“how normal functions”

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6
Q

Define cell

A

= fundamental unit of human life - building block

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7
Q

How many cells are there in the human body

A

37 trillion

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8
Q

How many different types of cells are there?

A

more than 200

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9
Q

What is the most common type of cell in the human body?

A

Red blood cell - 80%

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10
Q

Define tissue

A

= groups of cells that have similar structure (morphology) and function

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11
Q

Name 5 types of tissues

A
  • blood
  • supporting/connective tissue
  • nervous tissue
  • muscle
  • epithelia
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12
Q

Define organ

A

= anatomically discrete collections of tissues that together perform certain specific function
eg. heart composed of muscle, nerve, connective and epithelial tissues

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13
Q

Define system

A

= group of organs working together to carry out a function
- eg. digestive system composed of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestines - to absorb nutrients and eliminate solid waste

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14
Q

What will happen to unfixed tissue?

A

it will degrade by autolysis

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15
Q

Why is a fixative required int issue sampling?

A

to maintain structure

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16
Q

Give two examples of what fixatives do to maintain structure

A
  1. denatures proteins (eg alcohol based)
  2. cross-links proteins (eg. formaldehyde)
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17
Q

Name the commonest fixative

A

Formalin (27% formaldehyde)

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18
Q

What happens during tissue sampling?

A
  • tissue is cut, small pieces are being removed and placed into cassettes
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19
Q

What are cassettes?

A

small perforated baskets

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20
Q

Name the three steps which make up processing and embedding

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Clearing
  3. Infiltration with wax
21
Q

What happens at step one of processing/embedding?

A

tissue blocks passed through graded alcohols

22
Q

What happens at step 2 of processing/embedding?

A

solvent that is miscible with alcohol and paraffin wax

23
Q

What is the reason for having step three of processing/embedding?

A

infiltration with wax provides rigidity and support to allow sections to be cut

24
Q

What happened to the impregnated tissue

A

its further embedded into a paraffin block, and encased with more molten wax

25
Q

What happens after the sample embedded into a paraffin block?

A

sectioning

26
Q

How thin is the sample cut in “sectioning”

A

into o.oo4 mm thick sections

27
Q

What is used to cut the sample into thin sections?

A

a microtome

28
Q

What happens after the sample was cut with a microtome?

A

its mounted onto glass slides by floating it onto a water bath

29
Q

Why does the section have to be stained in the end?

A
  • tissue elements are colourless
  • reveal structural detail using a light microscope
30
Q

what are the most common staining techniques?

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin

31
Q

name the two types of dyes used in tissue staining

A

basic dyes and acidic dyes

32
Q

What charge do basic dyes have?

A

a postive charge

33
Q

What attribute does the +ve charge give basic dyes?

A

makes them bind to negatively charged tissue components

34
Q

Name an example of a basic dye

A

haematocylin

35
Q

What charge do acidic dyes have?

A

negative charge

36
Q

what attribute does the -ve charge give acidic dyes?

A

it makes them bind to positively charged tissue components

37
Q

Name an example of acidic dyes

A

eosin

38
Q

define basophilia

A

binding of basic dyes to tissue component

39
Q

What colour is the stain of a basophilia?

A

blue

40
Q

What does “components” in basophilia include? (3)

A
  1. nuclear chromatin
    2, cytoplasm RNA
  2. certain extracellular matrix proteins eg. cartilage
41
Q

Define acidophilia

A

binding of acidic dye to tissue

42
Q

What colour is a acidophila stain?

A

pink

43
Q

What do “components” of acidophilia include? (3)

A
  • cytoplasmic proteins including cytoskeleton
  • intracellular membranes
  • most extracellular protein fibres eg. collagen
44
Q

name three types of microscopy

A
  • light microscope
  • election microscope
  • fluorescence microscope
45
Q

By how many times does a light microscope increase a sample?

A

x1000

46
Q

By how may times does an electron microscope increase a sample?

A

x100,000

47
Q

What does a fluorescence microscope show?

A

antibodies or probes with fluorescent tag

48
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

transmitting electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microcope (SEM)

49
Q

The SEM shows the image in 3D yes or no?

A

YES

Tissue biology (8 decks)

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