WEEK 5 (CHAPTER 6) Flashcards

1
Q
  • Defined as a dosage form composed of solid or mixture of solids reduced to a finely divided state and intended for internal or external use.
  • enable a primary care provider to alter the quantity of each medication for each
    dose. (Used in clinical studies of drug preparation)
  • For infants and young children. You can mix with formula or sprinkle with applesauce
  • provide a rapid onset of action
    Medicated powders is limited but the use of powdered substances in the formation of other dosage form is extensive
A

Powder

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2
Q

agglomerates of powdered materials

A

Granules

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3
Q

Physicochemical considerations:

A
  • Particle size
  • Particle shape
  • Particle density
  • Electrostatic charges
  • Adhering/repelling properties
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4
Q

dimension of solid
Particles of uniform size are blended easier

A

Particle size

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5
Q

Spherical particles are easier to mix and transported easily from an area of high conc to low conc

Needle-shaped and cubic-shaped particles do not slide over each other as easily and tend to clog or stick together

A

Particle shape

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6
Q
  • heavy particles sink while light particles tend to rise
A

Particle density

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7
Q
  • Static electricity hamper blending
  • Overcome by humidification of the work area.
  • Add sodium lauryl sulfate to neutralize the charges.
A

Electrostatic charges

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8
Q

-Some particles tend to adhere or repel each other
- The faster they are individually diluted with an inert substance or nonreactive material in the formulation, the easier it is to blend them

A

Adhering/repelling properties

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9
Q

-all particles pass through sieve no. 8 and not more than 20% pass through sieve number 60.

A

Very coarse (No. 8)

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10
Q
  • All particles pass through sieve no. 20, and not more than 40% pass through sieve no. 60
A

Coarse (No. 20)

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11
Q
  • All particles pass through sieve no. 40 and not more than 40% pass through sieve no. 80
A

Moderately coarse (No. 40)

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12
Q

All particles pass through sieve no. 60 and not more than 40% pass through sieve no. 100

A

Fine (No. 60)

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13
Q

Particles are passed through mechanical shaking through a series of sieves of known and successively
smaller size

A

Sieving

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13
Q

All particles pass through sieve no. 80. There is no limit to greater fineness

A

Very fine (No. 80)

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14
Q

Sample particles are sized through the use of calibrated grid background

A

Microscopy

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15
Q

Determined by measuring the terminal setting velocity of particles through a liquid medium in a gravitational or centrifugal environment.

A

Sedimentation rate

16
Q

Methods to Determine Particle Size

determined by reduction in light intensity reaching the sensor as the particle
dispersed in a liquid or gas, passes through the sensing zone
Utilized He-Ne laser, silicon photo diode detectors, ultrasonic probe

A

Light energy diffraction/Light scattering

17
Q

Methods to Determine Particle Size

pulsed laser is fired through an aerosolized particle spray and is photographed in three dimensions with a holographic camera

A

Laser holography

18
Q

Methods to Determine Particle Size

Principle: a particle driven by an airstream will hit a surface in its path, provided its
inertia is sufficient to overcome the drag force that tends to keep it in the airstream.

Particles are separated into various size ranges by successively increasing the velocity of the airstream in which they are carried.

A

Cascade Impaction

19
Q
  • grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size
  • Employed to comminute and mix powders If simple admixture without need for comminution-use glass mortar
A

Trituration or comminution

20
Q

-for uniform distribution when you mix a small amount of potent substance in a large amount of diluent. It is preferred
if both substance are the same color and a visible sign of mixing is
lacking.

A

Geometric dilution

21
Q
  • Tumbling the powders in a rotating chamber designed to enhance the mixing
    process
  • Time consuming
  • Speed to rotating chamber is such that powders tumble over and over and do not simply slide down the slide of the chamber
  • Widely used in industry on a large scale
A

V blender

22
Q

Consist of three individual chambers attached to the blender power unit and allows up to three different blending processes to be conducted simultaneously

A

Triple V blender

23
Q
  • The blender is used to obtain homogenous mixing of powders with
    different specific weights and particle size
  • The mixing container is subjected to three-dimensional movement that
    exposes the product to continuously changing, rhythmically pulsing
    motion
A

Turbula mixer

24
Q

Can result from gravity causing small particles to move into voids between larger particles because of large particle size differences

A

Percolation

25
Q

Causes small particles to move under large particles that are pushed to the surface
and result in separation of differently sized particles

A

Vibration

26
Q
  • Some powders become pasty or sticky or they may liquefy when mixed together
  • To keep powders dry, mix with a bulky powder adsorbent like light
    magnesium oxide or magnesium carbonate
  • Triturated very lightly on a pill tile by using a spatula rather than a
    mortar and pestle
A

Eutetics

27
Q

will absorb moisture from air

A

Hygroscopic powders

28
Q

will absorb moisture from air and then partially or wholly liquefy

A

Deliquescent powder

29
Q
  • A crystalline powder that contains water of hydration or crystallization
  • This water can be liberated during manipulation or on exposure to low
    humidity environment
  • Powders may become sticky and pasty or liquefy
  • Use anhydrous salt form of the drug
A

Efflorescent powder

30
Q
  • Uniform, small particle size with an elegant appearance
  • More stable than liquid dosage forms and are rapidly soluble enabling the drug to be absorbed quickly
  • The properties of powder relates to its size and surface area of particles so if powders have a large surface area they are exposed to atmospheric conditions so better dispensed them in tight containers
A

Composition

31
Q
  • Free flowing and impalpable (pass them through sieve 100)
  • Uniform small particle size that won’t irritate the skin when applied
  • Prepared that it adheres to the skin
  • Highly sorptive powders should not be used for topical powders that are to be applied on oozing wounds as a hard crust may form.
  • More hydrophobic water repellant powder will prevent loss of water from the skin and will not cake on oozing surfaces
A

Topical Powders

32
Q
  • Finely divided powders that are intended to be applied in a body cavity such as
    ears, nose, vagina, tooth socket or throat
  • Use an insufflator or puffer and patient simply puffs the desired quantity on a
    cavity
A

Insufflated powders

33
Q

Administered by inhalation with the aid of
dry powder inhalers which deliver micronized particles in metered quantities

A

Aerosol powders

34
Q
  • Advair diskus
  • Fluticasone propionate inhalation powder
  • The Foradil Aerolizer
A

Oral Inhalation Powders

35
Q
  • are defined as a dosage form composed of dry aggregates of powder particles that may contain one or more APIs, with or without other ingredients.
  • They may be swallowed as such, dispersed in food, or dissolved in water.
  • are frequently compacted into tablets or filled into capsules, with or without additional ingredients.
  • are prepared agglomerates of smaller particles of powder.
  • They are irregularly shaped but may be prepared to be spherical.
A

Granules

36
Q

are granules or coarse to very coarse powders containing a medicinal agent in
a dry mixture usually composed of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid.

A

Effervescent salts