WEEK 3 (HERITAGE OF PHARMACY)

Question 1

from which our word pharmacy was derived
* connotes a charm or a drug that can be used for good or for evil.

Answer 1

PHARMAKON

Question 2

successful treatment due to
psychologic rather than therapeutic effects

Answer 2

placebo effects

Question 3

Preserved in the University of Leipzig
* Discovered the tomb of the mummy and
partly translated it during the last half of the 19th century
* dominated by drug formulas, with more than 800
formulas or prescriptions being described and more than 700 drugs mentioned
* Papyrus ebers

Answer 3

GEORG EBERS (GERMAN EGYPTOLOGIST)

Question 4

• Greek physician
• is credited with the introduction of scientific pharmacy and medicine
• His works included the descriptions of hundreds of drugs, and it was during this
  period that the term pharmakon came to
  mean a purifying remedy for good only,
  transcending the previous connotation of a charm or drug for good or for evil purposes.
• Father of Medicine

Answer 4

HIPPOCRATES

Question 5

• Greek physician and botanist, was the first to deal with botany as an applied science of pharmacy
• De Materia Medica - considered a *milestone in the development of pharmaceutical botany *and in the study of naturally occurring medicinal
  materials.

Answer 5

DIOSCORIDES

Question 6

• Greek pharmacist– physician who attained Roman citizenship, aimed to create a perfect system of physiology, pathology, and treatment
• formulated doctrines that were followed for 1,500 years
• Galenic pharmacy
• the most famous of his formulas is one
  for a cold cream, called Galen’s Cerate

Answer 6

CLAUDIUS GALEN

Question 7

• Swiss physician and chemistwho called himself
  Paracelsus.
• He influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a
  profession based primarily on botanical science to one based on chemical science.
• He believed it was possible to prepare a specific medicinal agent to combat each specific disease and introduced a host of chemical substances to internal
  therapy.

Answer 7

AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS
BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHEIM

Question 8

• Discoveries: Lactic acid (sourmilk), citric acid (orange juice), oxalic acid (wood sorrel through boiling and crystallization), tartaric acid (from potassium hydrogen tartrate-substance deposited when wine is stored), arsenic acid (Scheele’s Green- CuHAsO3)
• Identified glycerin
• Invented new methods of preparing calomel and benzoic acid
• Discovered oxygen a year before Priestley

Answer 8

Swede Karl Wilhelm Scheele

Question 9

• German pharmacist
• Isolation of morphine from opium

Answer 9

Friedrich Serturner

Question 10

• Isolated quinine and cinchonine from cinchona and strychnine
• Isolated brucine from nux vomica

Answer 10

Joseph Caventou and Joseph Pelletier

Question 11

Isolated caffeine

Answer 11

Joseph Pelletier and Pierre Robiquet

Question 12

Separated codeine from opium

Answer 12

Pierre Robiquet

Question 13

natural source of Vincaleukoblastine

Answer 13

Vinca rosea

Question 14

natural source of digoxin

Answer 14

Digitalis lanata

Question 15

natural source of Paclitaxel

Answer 15

Taxus brevifolia

Question 16

• Drugs with no acceptable use
• High potential for abuse
• Example: Heroin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline, peyote, methaqualone, marijuana

Answer 16

SCHEDULE I

Question 17

• Drugs with accepted medical uses and a high potential for abuse that if abused may lead to severe psychological or physical
  dependence.
• Example: Morphine, cocaine,
  methamphetamine, amobarbital

Answer 17

SCHEDULE II

Question 18

• Drugs with accepted medical uses and a
  potential for abuse less than those listed in schedule I and II.
• If abused: Moderate Psychological/Physical Dependence
• Example: specified quantities of codeine, hydrocodone

Answer 18

SCHEDULE III

Question 19

• Drugs with accepted medical use
• Low potential for abuse
• If abused: limited physical dependence or psychological dependence
• Example: Difenoxin, Diazepam, Oxazepam

Answer 19

SCHEDULE IV

Question 20

• Accepted medical use
• Low potential for abuse
• If abused: limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to drugs in level IV
• Example: Dihydrocodeine, Diphenoxylate

Answer 20

SCHEDULE V

Question 21

• Adequate and well-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters).
• Example drugs or substances: levothyroxine, folic acid, liothyronine

Answer 21

CATEGORY A

Question 22

• Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
• Example drugs: metformin,
  hydrochlorothiazide, cyclobenzaprine,
  amoxicillin, pantoprazole, paracetamol

Answer 22

CATEGORY B

Question 23

• Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
• Example drugs: tramadol, gabapentin,
  amlodipine, trazodone

Answer 23

CATEGORY C

Question 24

• There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from
  investigational or marketing experience or
  studies in humans, but potential benefits
  may warrant use of the drug in pregnant
  women despite potential risks.
• Example drugs: lisinopril, alprazolam,
  losartan, clonazepam, lorazepam

Answer 24

CATEGORY D

Question 25

• Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the
  drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh
  potential benefits.
• Example drugs: atorvastatin, simvastatin, warfarin, methotrexate, finasteride

Answer 25

CATEGORY X

Question 26

• used to call attention to one of the
  following situations:
  (a) there is an adverse reaction so serious in proportion to the potential benefit that it can be considered in assessing the risk and benefits of using the drug
  (b) the risk of serious adverse drug reaction can be prevented or reduced in severity by careful use of the drug (e.g. patient selection, special monitoring, certain concomitant therapy)
  (c) the FDA has approved the drug with
  restrictions to prescribing/distribution to ensure its safe use

Answer 26

BLACK BOX WARNING

Question 27

• Drugs intended for the treatment of “rare disease and conditions”
• To help promote research on rare diseases
• Rare disease-disease affecting fewer than 200,000 people or disease that affect
  200,000 or more but where circumstances
  are such that a company is unlikely to
  recover its research and development costs.

Answer 27

ORPHAN DRUG

Question 28

a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs.

Answer 28

Apothecary

Question 29

a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs.

Answer 29

Apothecary

Question 30

perhaps the most widely known of Greek medical texts.
* It requires a new physician to swear upon a number of healing gods that he will uphold a number of professional ethical standards.
* It also strongly binds the student to his teacher and the greater community of physicians with responsibilities similar to that of a family member.

Answer 30

The Oath/Hippocratic oath

Question 31

Pharmacy was officially separated from medicine for the first time in ________, when a decree of Emperor Frederick Il of Germany regulated the practice of pharmacy within the part of his Kingdom called the Two Sicilies.

Answer 31

1240 AD

Question 32

it means “drug”

Answer 32

Pharmakon

Question 33

it means “make”

Answer 33

Poiein

Question 34

The 1st American pharmacopeia was the so-called _________________ published in 1778 at Lititz, Pennsylvania, used by the Military Hospital of the USA (32 page booklet containing 84 internal and 16 external drugs and preparations)

Answer 34

Lititz Pharmacopeia

Question 35

Massachusetts Medical Society published a 272 page pharmacopeia containing monographs on 536 drugs. On what year?

Answer 35

1808

Question 36

On what year did Lyman Spalding, physician from NYC submitted a plan to the Medical Society of the Country of NY (Father of Pharmacopeia)?

Answer 36

January 06, 1817

Question 37

• Adopt standards for drug substances, pharmaceutical ingredients, and dosage forms reflecting the best in the current practices of medicine and pharmacy and provide suitable tests and assay procedures for demonstrating compliance with these standards

Answer 37

USP AND NF MONOGRAPHS

Question 38

When was American Pharmaceutical Association organized?

Answer 38

1852

Question 39

On ____________, First edition of National Formulary of Unofficial Preparations then changed to National Formulary on June 30, 1906 by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt

Answer 39

1888