WEEK 3 (HERITAGE OF PHARMACY) Flashcards
from which our word pharmacy was derived
* connotes a charm or a drug that can be used for good or for evil.
PHARMAKON
successful treatment due to
psychologic rather than therapeutic effects
placebo effects
Preserved in the University of Leipzig
* Discovered the tomb of the mummy and
partly translated it during the last half of the 19th century
* dominated by drug formulas, with more than 800
formulas or prescriptions being described and more than 700 drugs mentioned
* Papyrus ebers
GEORG EBERS (GERMAN EGYPTOLOGIST)
- Greek physician
- is credited with the introduction of scientific pharmacy and medicine
- His works included the descriptions of hundreds of drugs, and it was during this
period that the term pharmakon came to
mean a purifying remedy for good only,
transcending the previous connotation of a charm or drug for good or for evil purposes. - Father of Medicine
HIPPOCRATES
- Greek physician and botanist, was the first to deal with botany as an applied science of pharmacy
-
De Materia Medica - considered a *milestone in the development of pharmaceutical botany *and in the study of naturally occurring medicinal
materials.
DIOSCORIDES
- Greek pharmacist– physician who attained Roman citizenship, aimed to create a perfect system of physiology, pathology, and treatment
- formulated doctrines that were followed for 1,500 years
- Galenic pharmacy
- the most famous of his formulas is one
for a cold cream, called Galen’s Cerate
CLAUDIUS GALEN
- Swiss physician and chemistwho called himself
Paracelsus. - He influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a
profession based primarily on botanical science to one based on chemical science. - He believed it was possible to prepare a specific medicinal agent to combat each specific disease and introduced a host of chemical substances to internal
therapy.
AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS
BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHEIM
- Discoveries: Lactic acid (sourmilk), citric acid (orange juice), oxalic acid (wood sorrel through boiling and crystallization), tartaric acid (from potassium hydrogen tartrate-substance deposited when wine is stored), arsenic acid (Scheele’s Green- CuHAsO3)
- Identified glycerin
- Invented new methods of preparing calomel and benzoic acid
- Discovered oxygen a year before Priestley
Swede Karl Wilhelm Scheele
- German pharmacist
- Isolation of morphine from opium
Friedrich Serturner
- Isolated quinine and cinchonine from cinchona and strychnine
- Isolated brucine from nux vomica
Joseph Caventou and Joseph Pelletier
Isolated caffeine
Joseph Pelletier and Pierre Robiquet
Separated codeine from opium
Pierre Robiquet
natural source of Vincaleukoblastine
Vinca rosea
natural source of digoxin
Digitalis lanata
natural source of Paclitaxel
Taxus brevifolia
- Drugs with no acceptable use
- High potential for abuse
- Example: Heroin, Lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline, peyote, methaqualone, marijuana
SCHEDULE I
- Drugs with accepted medical uses and a high potential for abuse that if abused may lead to severe psychological or physical
dependence. - Example: Morphine, cocaine,
methamphetamine, amobarbital
SCHEDULE II
- Drugs with accepted medical uses and a
potential for abuse less than those listed in schedule I and II. - If abused: Moderate Psychological/Physical Dependence
- Example: specified quantities of codeine, hydrocodone
SCHEDULE III
- Drugs with accepted medical use
- Low potential for abuse
- If abused: limited physical dependence or psychological dependence
- Example: Difenoxin, Diazepam, Oxazepam
SCHEDULE IV
- Accepted medical use
- Low potential for abuse
- If abused: limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to drugs in level IV
- Example: Dihydrocodeine, Diphenoxylate
SCHEDULE V
- Adequate and well-controlled studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is no evidence of risk in later trimesters).
- Example drugs or substances: levothyroxine, folic acid, liothyronine
CATEGORY A
- Animal reproduction studies have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
- Example drugs: metformin,
hydrochlorothiazide, cyclobenzaprine,
amoxicillin, pantoprazole, paracetamol
CATEGORY B
- Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.
- Example drugs: tramadol, gabapentin,
amlodipine, trazodone
CATEGORY C
-
There is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from
investigational or marketing experience or
studies in humans, but potential benefits
may warrant use of the drug in pregnant
women despite potential risks. - Example drugs: lisinopril, alprazolam,
losartan, clonazepam, lorazepam
CATEGORY D
-
Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the
drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh
potential benefits. - Example drugs: atorvastatin, simvastatin, warfarin, methotrexate, finasteride
CATEGORY X
- used to call attention to one of the
following situations:
(a) there is an adverse reaction so serious in proportion to the potential benefit that it can be considered in assessing the risk and benefits of using the drug
(b) the risk of serious adverse drug reaction can be prevented or reduced in severity by careful use of the drug (e.g. patient selection, special monitoring, certain concomitant therapy)
(c) the FDA has approved the drug with
restrictions to prescribing/distribution to ensure its safe use
BLACK BOX WARNING
- Drugs intended for the treatment of “rare disease and conditions”
- To help promote research on rare diseases
- Rare disease-disease affecting fewer than 200,000 people or disease that affect
200,000 or more but where circumstances
are such that a company is unlikely to
recover its research and development costs.
ORPHAN DRUG
a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs.
Apothecary
a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs.
Apothecary
perhaps the most widely known of Greek medical texts.
* It requires a new physician to swear upon a number of healing gods that he will uphold a number of professional ethical standards.
* It also strongly binds the student to his teacher and the greater community of physicians with responsibilities similar to that of a family member.
The Oath/Hippocratic oath
Pharmacy was officially separated from medicine for the first time in ________, when a decree of Emperor Frederick Il of Germany regulated the practice of pharmacy within the part of his Kingdom called the Two Sicilies.
1240 AD
it means “drug”
Pharmakon
it means “make”
Poiein
The 1st American pharmacopeia was the so-called _________________ published in 1778 at Lititz, Pennsylvania, used by the Military Hospital of the USA (32 page booklet containing 84 internal and 16 external drugs and preparations)
Lititz Pharmacopeia
Massachusetts Medical Society published a 272 page pharmacopeia containing monographs on 536 drugs. On what year?
1808
On what year did Lyman Spalding, physician from NYC submitted a plan to the Medical Society of the Country of NY (Father of Pharmacopeia)?
January 06, 1817
• Adopt standards for drug substances, pharmaceutical ingredients, and dosage forms reflecting the best in the current practices of medicine and pharmacy and provide suitable tests and assay procedures for demonstrating compliance with these standards
USP AND NF MONOGRAPHS
When was American Pharmaceutical Association organized?
1852
On ____________, First edition of National Formulary of Unofficial Preparations then changed to National Formulary on June 30, 1906 by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
1888
