Week 5 and 6 Flashcards
What is copyright
your rights to control your works of creative expression
Happens as soon as the pen leaves the paper!
if you created something what do you have to do to own the copyright
you own the copyright by default
You don’t have to do anything
what happens if you create something while working for a company
the company owns it
what can you copyright
Anything you created that is TANGIBLE (a tangible medium of expression) Eg. drawing vs a song in your head Photographs, drawings Music Sculptures
changing a design 20% means that you can use it t/f
false
if you created it, once your pen is off the paper you own!
what can you not copyright
words or names
Not ideas
why cant you copyright words or names
those are trademarks
you cant copyright ideas because
thats a patent
what is a network
a group of interconnected computers (could be connected with wires, wirelessly, satellites)
eg western has a network of computers that talk to eachother
what are the pros and cons of having one centralized computer connected to all other computers in the network
Con: if a side computer wants to to get to another side computer, it must first go through central computer.
if something happens to central computer… network is screwed
Pro: simple layout and you only have to keep all info on one machine
if one of the side computers goes down, it doesn’t affect all other machines in the network
what are the pros and cons of having a peer to peer connected network (where each computer is connected to two other computers, kind of forming a circle)
everyone is on the same level
Pros: if one computer goes down, there is a secondary path for the other computers, just going the other way around in the circle
Cons: if two computers go down, then you can’t access all computers - not the most reliable system
what are the pros and cons of each computer being connected to all computers in the network
when was this WEBBED network created
Cons: Overkill
Pros: very reliable, connected to everything
1969
What is the internet
a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide
a network of networks
hardware
is the internet HARDWARE OR SOFTWARE
hardware… World Wide Web is software that RUNS ON INTERNET
when was the internet started and what was it originally called
who funded it originally
Called the ARPANET originally and it was created in 1969
The ideas behind this protocol were funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defence (DoD) (around 1969). Thus the Internet was originally call the ARPANET
what does the internet use
uses TCP/IP
TCP/IP has no direct line at the outset of the message! If a communication line is broken, another line is tried.
A standard protocol (way of communicating),
Opposite of your home telephone where you get a direct line that only you and the person you are talking to can use.
what is circuit switching
one single line and only one person can use it at a time to transfer information between one place to another
like old telephone lines
how does the internet work using TCP IP
describe process
- it breaks things down into packets
tcp takes the info (eg email) and breaks it down into packets (all of equal size)
each packet has a header (where theyre coming and where are they going - IP address of source and destination) and a body containing the information transferred. - tcp then sends it out to the internet, sending the packet to the first IP Address on the route… were each packet can take various routes but the all end up at the same location
TCP DOESNT PREPLAN ROUTE - tcp reassembles the info as it arrives at the destination
what is a packet
a small group of bytes consisting of a header (tells where it is going: destination and where it came from: source) and the body. (Often 64 bytes for header and 512 bytes for body)
how large is the packet header and body
(Often 64 bytes for header and 512 bytes for body)
what is the protocol (internet)
rules for the format and transmission of data
What does TCP do at the sending end
Take a large chunk of data (such as a webpage, email message, etc) and breaks it into small packets
Sends the packets out on to the Internet
What does TCP do at the receiving end
Detects lost packets, packets with errors because of network congestion, traffic load balancing, or other unpredictable network behaviour, and requests the packet to be resent from the source
Rearranges and reassembles the packets back into the webpage, email message, etc on the receivers machine
describe packet switching
TCP breaks webpage into packets of bytes
TCP figures out IP address of where it wants to send the packets (destination)
TCP figures out IP address of where the packet is coming from (source)
Sends off each packet to first machine (IP Address) on the route (DOES NOT PREPLAN ROUTE!)
Packet stops at first machine, likely a router, then the router sends it to the next machine on the journey (IP Address) and so on until it gets to the final IP Address (destination)
what does TCP NOT know in terms of its packets
its ROUTE. it only knows the next destination and the source
what is a pro to the using of packet switching
if one packet gets delayed on a route, you can just resend it a different route
what is IP and what does it do
the way to identify each computer - Address
Each machine has its own address, called an IP Address
Like a GPS
Picks a route for a packet, stopping at routers which pick the next best machine/network to send the package to.
If a communication line is down or broken, sends the package back to TCP and TCP sends it again to try a different route.
IP address format
represented in dotted quad
uses numbers from 0-255
what is the bit size of an IP address
32 bits, always
what is great about ip addresses
reliability - you can ping an IP address to see if it is working
why is a phone number 7 digits
thats the max that is easy for humans to remember… so its hard to rememebr ip adresses so they created domain names
in 1973…
IP Address became the standardized way to identify machines on the Internet.
in 1984
University of Wisconsin came up with a name server, that maps a name to an IP address.
in 1985
Domain Name System is established and the initial top level domain names are introduced.
in 1990
the Internet moves beyond of the world of the government and universities and into the commercial society.
in 1995
Up until 1995, you didn’t have to pay for your domain name, 1995 to 1998 you paid the NSF (National Science Foundation) $100 US dollars for a 2 year registration for a domain name.
in 1998
In 1998 the assignment of domain name is opened up to private companies to encourage competition.
how does a domain name work
Every machine on the internet gets an IP Address A DNS (Domain Name System) maps the domain name to the correct IP address. In most cases there is a one to one mapping between an IP Address and a Domain Name
can an IP address map to more than one domain name?
yes Sometimes one IP Address might maps to more than one domain name: eg chapters.ca and indigo.ca have the same IP address
can a domain have many IP addresses?
yes, if traffic is too overwhelming when pointing to a certain website
what does a domain name identify
a web server identify machines on the Internet, for example a web server machine.
what does a web server contain
contains all the web pages for a company or individual.
where are web pages stored
on the web server machine (host) in folders or directories (website)
what is a host
machine (web server) that stores web pages
web page is a…
web site is a…
web server is a…
web page is a… file
web site is a… folder/directory
web server is a… machine/host
a web site is really a
folder
web pages are
files with the extension (ex .html)
when and who established the convention that we use for web page URL
Tim Berners Lee in 1990
what does the http part of url mean
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http)
Rules on data is exchanged between servers and browsers
Other examples:
ftp://, news://
http://www.uwo.ca/its/courses/spring.html
what does the www in a url mean
World Wide Web
Indicates we are referring to the world wide web
http://www.uwo.ca/its/courses/spring.html
where is the domain name in a url and what does it indicate
Domain Name
The name of the site, points to the web server machine
it is after the www.
http://www.uwo.ca/its/courses/spring.html
where is the folder name and what does it do in a url
Folder a folder on the web server machine separated from domain name by a / http://www.uwo.ca/its/courses/spring.html its and courses are folders
where is the file located and what does it mean
after all the folders
what does DNS stand for
Domain Names Systems (DNS)
what is DNS
A Domain Name System/Server (DNS) maps the domain name to the IP Address.
Like a big phone book of Domain Names and IP Addresses
what is a subdomain
anything before the last . after the www http://www.csd.uwo.ca www is not part of domain name, it is just the machine/host name that is the webserver csd is a third level domain (subdomain of uwo.ca) uwo is a second level domain (subdomain) the domain is uwo.ca the second level domain is uwo and the top level domain is .ca
what is the third level subdomain
http://www.csd.uwo.ca
csd
in this case, what is www
http://www.csd.uwo.ca
www is not part of the actual domain name but it will be stored in the DNS
http://www.csd.uwo.ca
what is the top level domain here and what is important about it
.ca
Rules exist for what you can pick, only certain combinations of letters have been established as allowable top level domains
what are the rules for domain names
You can have a maximum of 127 levels (thus the top level domain is 1 level and the second level is 1 level, that leaves room for 125 sub domains).
Each level can be up to 63 characters long
The entire domain name (including sub domains) can not be more than 255 characters.
Must use one of the approved TLDs.
Each level must consist of letters, digits and hyphens.
Each level cannot start with a hyphen or end with a hyphen.
Each level must not contain a space.
case insensitive
what is a level in terms of domain names
each item between a dot in a domain name is a level