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3rd Year Anatomy > Week 5 - Anatomy of Incontinence and Prolapse > Flashcards

Week 5 - Anatomy of Incontinence and Prolapse Flashcards

1
Q

The pelvic floor separates what structures?

A

The pelvic cavity and the perineum

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2
Q

The pelvic floor has what two important roles?

A

Provides support to pelvic organs, and maintains continence

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the pelvic floor?

A

Perineal membrane, muscles of perineal pouches and the pelvic diaphragm

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4
Q

Deep and superficial perineal pouches are broken up by what structure?

A

The perineal membrane

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5
Q

What is the deepest layer of the pelvic floor?

A

Pelvic diaphragm

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6
Q

What does the pelvic diaphragm consist of?

A

The levator ani and coccygeus

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7
Q

There is an anterior gap between the medial borders of the pelvic diaphragm. This is known as what?

A

The urogenital hiatus

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8
Q

There is an anterior gap between the medial borders of the pelvic diaphragm. This allows the passage of what structure(s) in males?

A

The urethra

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9
Q

There is an anterior gap between the medial borders of the pelvic diaphragm. This allows the passage of what structure(s) in females?

A

The urethra and vagina

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10
Q

What structures form the dynamic pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani and coccygeus

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11
Q

Which muscle forms the majority of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

The levator ani

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of the levator ani?

A

Puborectalis, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus

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13
Q

Which one of the 3 components of the levator ani is not a true sling since it has a break in the muscle fibres?

A

Pubococcygeus

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14
Q

The pelvic floor reflexively contracts when?

A

In situations of raised intra-abdominal pressure

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15
Q

The levator ani spends most of its time in what state?

A

Tonically contracted

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16
Q

To allow urination and defaecation, the levator ani muscle must do what?

A

Relax

17
Q

What is the innervation to the levator ani?

A

The pudendal nerve (S2, 3, 4) and nerve to levator ani (S3, 4, 5)

18
Q

The iliococcygeus overlies what structure?

A

Obturator foramen

19
Q

Which specific part of the levator ani is responsible for faecal continence?

A

Puborectalis

20
Q

As well as the pelvic floor, what other structures provide additional support for the pelvic organs?

A

Endopelvic fascia and pelvic ligaments

21
Q

Fibrous endopelvic fascia forms what?

A

Pelvic ligaments

22
Q

The deep perineal pouch lies below what?

A

The fascia covering the inferior aspect of the pelvic diaphragm

23
Q

The deep perineal pouch lies above what?

A

The perineal membrane

24
Q

What is the muscle of the deep perineal pouch which is present in both males and females?

A

Compressor urethrae

25
Q

What is the muscle of the deep perineal pouch which is only present in males? What type of muscle is this composed of?

A

Deep transverse perineal muscle - skeletal

26
Q

The female equivalent of the deep transverse perineal muscle is not named. What type of muscle is it formed of?

A

Smooth

27
Q

The perineal membrane lies where is relation to the deep perineal pouch?

A

Superficial

28
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

A thin sheet of tough, deep fascia

29
Q

The perineal membrane attaches laterally to the sides of what structure? It closes what triangle?

A

The pubic arch / the urogenital triangle

30
Q

The perineal membrane comprises openings for which structures?

A

The urethra (and vagina in females)

31
Q

The perineal membrane, along with the perineal body, is the last passive support of the pelvic organs. What is meant by this?

A

Everything superficial to this structure will be dynamic, i.e. it will move

32
Q

The superficial perineal pouch lies below (i.e. superficial) to what structure?

A

The perineal membrane

33
Q

Within the superficial perineal pouch, what forms the bulb of the penis?

A

The corpus spongiosum

34
Q

Within the superficial perineal pouch, what forms the crura of the penis?

A

The corpus cavernosum

35
Q

What are the muscles of the root of the penis which are found within the superficial perineal pouch?

A

The bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus

36
Q

What is the function of the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

Rhythmically contracts to cause ejaculation

37
Q

What neurovascular structures lie within the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels (specifically superficial perineal nerve)

38
Q

The Bartholin’s gland is found within which aspect of the pelvic floor?

A

Superficial perineal pouch

39
Q

Which muscles of the pelvic floor are most responsible for maintaining urinary continence?

A

External urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae and levator ani

3rd Year Anatomy (21 decks)

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