week 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except:
a. cortical association areas.
b. the precentral motor gyrus.
c. the limbic system.
d. the hypothalamus.
e. Broca’s center.
A
b. the precentral motor gyrus
2
Q
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in:
- increased respiratory rate.
- more intense inhalation.
- a shorter respiratory cycle.
- less activity in the DRG center.
- decreased vital capacity.
A
more intense inhalation
3
Q
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the:
- olfactory epithelium.
- medullary chemoreceptors.
- aortic body.
- carotid body.
- central chemoreceptors.
A
olfactory epithelium
4
Q
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s).
- apneustic
- pneumotaxic
- DRG and VRG
- expiratory
- ventral respiratory
A
DRG and VRG
5
Q
Inhibition of medulla oblongata chemoreceptors and respiratory muscles has what effect on respiratory rate, elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and arterial PCO2?
- increased respiratory rate, increased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2
- increased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and decreased arterial PCO2
- increased respiratory rate, increased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and decreased arterial PCO2
- decreased respiratory rate, increased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2
- decreased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2
A
-decreased respiratory rate, decreased elimination of CO2 at alveoli, and increased arterial PCO2
6
Q
Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?
- It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs.
- It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransporter.
- It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma.
- It is driven by a rise in PCO2.
- It causes RBCs to swell.
A
-It causes RBCs to swell.
7
Q
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
- decreased temperature
- decreased pH
- increased tissue PO2
- decreased amounts of BPG
- decreased temperature and decreased amounts of BPG
A
-decreased PH
8
Q
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is:
- 10
- 20
- 30
- 50
- 75
A
20
9
Q
The chloride shift occurs in order to:
- force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues.
- transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.
- produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells.
- produce carbonic acid.
- pump hydrochloric acid out of gastric cells.
A
-transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma.
10
Q
In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?
- from the blood into the tissue cells
- from the blood into the lungs
- from the lungs into the atmosphere
- from the tissue cells into the blood
- from the lungs into the blood
A
-from the tissue cells into the blood
11
Q
The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed:
- external respiration.
- internal respiration.
- cellular respiration
- pulmonary ventilation.
- gas diffusion.
A
-pulmonary ventilation
12
Q
Air that remains in conducting passages and doesn’t participate in gas exchange is termed:
- vital capacity.
- minimal volume.
- residual volume.
- functional residual capacity.
- anatomic dead space.
A
-anatomic dead space
13
Q
incorrect During inhalation, air continues to move into the lungs until:
- the internal pressure is the same is atmospheric pressure.
- the internal pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.
- the internal pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
- the compliance of the lung decreases.
- the lungs recoil.
A
the internal pressure is the same is atmospheric pressure.
14
Q
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
- Residual volume
- Expiratory reserve volume
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Tidal volume
- Inspiratory capacity
A
tidal volume
15
Q
The nasopharynx transitions into the oropharynx at the level of the:
- hard palate.
- soft palate.
- cribriform plate.
- internal nares.
- pharyngeal septum
A
soft palate
16
Q
The respiratory mucosa consists of:
- epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue.
- dense irregular connective and adipose tissue.
- ciliated stratified squamous and columnar cells.
- fibrocartilage and mucous cells.
- dense regular connective and areolar tissue.
A
-epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue
17
Q
The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. lobar bronchus 2. Bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. Alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole
- 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6
- 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6
- 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6
- 1, 4, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6
- 2, 4, 1, 7, 5, 3, 6
A
4,1,2,7,5,3,6
18
Q
The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.
- three lobes; two lobes
- two lobes; two lobes
- two lobes; three lobes
- three lobes; three lobes
- four lobes; three lobe
A
three lobes;two lobes
19
Q
The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage are the ________ cartilages.
- cricothyroid
- innominate
- cuneiform
- corniculate
- arytenoid
A
-arytenoid
20
Q
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is:
- oxygen.
- carbon dioxide.
- bicarbonate ion.
- sodium ion.
- hemoglobin.
A
carbon dioxide
21
Q
Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except filtering the air. warming the air. humidifying the air. housing tonsils. housing olfactory receptors
A
housing tonsils
22
Q
Primary bronchi enter their respective lungs along with pulmonary vessels, nerves, and lymphatics at which region?
- base
- apex
- hilum
- cardiac notch
- superior lobe
A
hilium
23
Q
The larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles all make up the
- upper respiratory tract.
- lower respiratory tract.
- internal respiratory tract.
- alveoli of the respiratory tract.
- respiratory mucosa.
A
lower respiratory tract
24
Q
The term hypercapnia refers to
- the cessation of breathing.
- elevated PCO2.
- elevated PO2.
- an increase in pH.
- labored breathing.
A
elavated PCO2
25
Which of the following is not a true statement?
- The DRG primarily controls inspiration.
- The VRG primarily controls expiration.
- The DRG functions in forced breathing only.
- The VRG functions in forced breathing only.
- The DRG controls external intercostals and the diaphragm
the DRG functions in forced breathing only
26
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to
- changes in PCO2.
- changes in PO2.
- changes in pH.
- changes in blood pressure.
- changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH
-changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH
27
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is
- greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade.
- less than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade.
- equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade.
- equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 20 degrees centigrade.
- equal to the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when BPG levels are high.
-greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade.
28
A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
- decrease the rate of breathing.
- double the respiratory rate.
- decrease pulmonary ventilation.
- decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
- decrease the vital capacity.
-double the respiratory rate.
29
Total alveolar surface area is reduced in
- lung cancer.
- atelectasis.
- emphysema.
- pneumothorax.
- asthma.
-emphysema.
30
If PO2 increases
- saturation goes down and hemoglobin gives away oxygen.
- hemoglobin stores oxygen.
- hemoglobin gives away oxygen.
- saturation goes up.
- saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen.
-saturation goes up and hemoglobin stores oxygen.
31
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
- dissolved in plasma.
- bound to hemoglobin.
- in ionic form as solute in the plasma.
- bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.
- carried by white blood cells.
-bound to hemoglobin.
32
When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of
- exhalation.
- gravity.
- elastic rebound.
- accessory muscle contraction.
- partial pressure difference.
elastic rebound
33
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?
- rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
- diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles
- rectus abdominis and diaphragm muscles
- diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
- pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles
-rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
34
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately
- 40 mm Hg.
- 45 mm Hg.
- 50 mm Hg.
- 70 mm Hg.
- 100 mm Hg.
-45 mm Hg.
35
```
Factors affecting the release of oxygen from hemoglobin can be visualized by using a
spirograph.
pulmonary volume chart.
respiratory cycle chart.
oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve.
blood gas analysis.
```
oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve.
36
When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?
- during external respiration
- immediately after carbon dioxide enters the blood
- when the chloride shift occurs
- during pulmonary ventilation
- during internal respiration
-during external respiration
37
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is
- greater than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.
- less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.
- equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.
- equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when pH is low.
- equal to hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when pH is high.
-less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.
38
Which of the following decreases respiratory efficiency?
- decreased blood flow
- increased surface area
- increased partial pressure gradients
- increased gas solubility
- decreased diffusion distance
-decreased blood flow
39
Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?
- right lung
- left lung
- right primary bronchus
- left primary bronchus
- diaphragm
left lung
40
The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung.
- lateral
- longitudinal
- medial
- left horizontal
- oblique
oblique
41
The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
- nasopharynx
- trachea
- oropharynx
- larynx
- nasal cavity
-oropharynx
42
The superior region of the pharynx is called the
- nasal cavity.
- nasopharynx.
- oropharynx.
- laryngopharynx.
- superior nasal conchae.
-nasopharynx.
43
Which of the following is false about the pharynx?
- It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.
- The nasopharynx is superior.
- The oropharynx connects to oral cavity.
- The laryngopharynx ends at esophagus opening.
- Solids, liquids, and gases pass through.
-It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems.
44
```
The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.
6-10
8-14
10-15
12-18
18-22
```
12-18
45
A typical respiratory minute volume is
- 1 liter.
- 2 liters.
- 500 mL.
- 6 liters.
- 10 liters.
6 liters
46
Lungs are held tightly to the wall of the thorax due to
- the diaphragm and intercostal muscle contractions.
- tight junctions between the lungs and the thorax.
- surface tension of the pleural fluid and negative pressure in the cavity.
- atmospheric pressure pushing on the lungs.
- pulmonary ligaments that anchor the lungs.
-surface tension of the pleural fluid and negative pressure in the cavity.
47
The ________ inhibit the apneustic centers and promote passive or active exhalation.
- DRG
- VRG
- pheumotaxic centers
- LRG
- inspiratory centers
-pheumotaxic centers
48
Information from chemoreceptors travels to the brain via the ________ nerves.
- trigeminal
- hypoglossal
- vagus
- glossopharyngeal
- vagus and glossopharyngeal
- vagus and glossopharyngeal
49
Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following except
- less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing.
- a drop in tidal volume.
- potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation.
- a disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes.
- less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing.
-a drop in tidal volume
50
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
- decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
- decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion from the alveoli to the blood.
- increase the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
- decrease the rate of carbon dioxide diffusion from the blood to the alveoli.
- hardly affect either the partial pressure or diffusion of gases.
-decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
51
```
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.
scalene
diaphragm
internal intercostal
external intercostal
serratus anterior
```
internal intercostal
52
Damage to the phrenic nerves would
- increase respiratory rate.
- increase the tidal volume.
- force reliance on costal breathing.
- result in greater pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air.
- have little effect on ventilation
-force reliance on costal breathing
53
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,
- a person would stop breathing.
- pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly.
- the respiratory minute volume would increase.
- tidal volumes would decrease.
- alveolar ventilation would increase.
a person would stop breathing.
54
```
The entire array of protective mechanisms in the respiratory system is called the
resperatory immunity.
-macrophage complex.
-respiratory defense system.
-acquired respiratory defense.
-mucus escalator.
```
-respiratory defense system.
55
The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms a(n)
- debris filter.
- mucus escalator.
- respiratory rhythmicity center.
- smooth slick surface allowing particles to slide.
- increased surface area for gas exchange.
mucus escelator
56
```
ow pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
external respiration.
internal respiration.
carbon dioxide transport.
hemoglobin synthesis.
acid-base balance.
```
internal respiration
57
```
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.
10
25
50
75
more than 90
```
more than 90
58
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is
- inversely proportional to the volume of its container.
- always higher in the atmosphere than in the lungs.
- directly proportional to temperature.
- inversely proportional to temperature.
- directly proportional to the volume of its container.
-inversely proportional to the volume of its container.
59
Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________.
- eupnea; diaphragmatic breathing
- eupnea; costal breathing
- costal breathing; eupnea
- costal breathing; diaphragmatic
- diaphragmatic breathing; eupnea
-eupnea; costal breathing
60
```
The effect of pH on hemoglobin saturation is known as the
Bainbridge reflex.
Bohr effect.
pulmonary reflex.
respiratory effect.
Hering-Breuer reflex.
```
Bohr effect
61
The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.
1. 0 cm; 15-20
1. 0 cm; 10-15
2. 5 cm; 15-20
2. 5 cm; 40-50
4. 5 cm; 60-80
2.5 cm; 15-20
62
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because
- large masses of food can move through the esophagus.
- large masses of air can pass through the trachea and thus the bronchi.
- it facilitates turning of the head.
- the bronchi are also C-shaped.
- it permits the trachea to pinch shut prior to sneezing.
-large masses of food can move through the esophagus.
63
```
Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or
hyperpnea.
eupnea.
dyspnea.
hypoxia.
apnea.
```
hyperpnea
64
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?
- accessory muscle of expiration
- accessory muscle of inspiration
- primary muscle of inspiration
- primary muscle of expiration
- an accessory muscle for both expiration and inspiration
-primary muscle of inspiration
65
The most common unit of measurement for measuring pulmonary pressures is
- mm Hg.
- torr.
- cm H2O.
- psi.
- centigrade.
mm Hg
66
```
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content.
25 percent
50 percent
75 percent
90 percent
100 percent
```
75 percent
67
The apneustic centers of the pons
- inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers.
- provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
- monitor blood gas levels.
- alter chemoreceptor sensitivity.
- generate the gasp reflex.
-provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
68
Analysis of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following except
- heart rate.
- stroke volume.
- the condition of the conducting system.
- the effects of drugs and poisons.
- the duration of the ventricular action potential.
stroke volume
69
when heart rate increases, the time spent in
- systole increases.
- diastole increases.
- all phases decreases but most of the decrease is during systole.
- all phases decreases but most of the decrease is during diastole.
- isovolumetric contraction increases.
-all phases decreases but most of the decrease is during diastole.
70
Collectively, the conducting cells that carry the impulse from the SA node to the AV node is known as the
- conducting system.
- AV block.
- internodal pathway.
- bundle branches.
- pacemaker cells.
-internodal pathway.
71
In an adult at rest, the end-diastolic volume is typically
- 50 mL.
- 80 mL.
- 130 mL.
- 320 mL.
- 560 mL
130mL
72
John encounters a bear while hiking. His heart will respond in all of the following ways except
- increasing preload.
- increasing heart rate.
- increasing contractility.
- decreasing heart rate and contractility.
- increasing venous return.
-decreasing heart rate and contractility
73
Which of the following would cause stroke volume to increase?
- when venous return is decreased
- when ventricular contraction is reduced
- drugs that stimulate beta-1 receptors
- decrease in heart rate
- decreased sympathetic stimulation
-drugs that stimulate beta-1 receptors
74
The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the
- superior vena cava.
- inferior vena cava.
- coronary sinus.
- coronary sulcus.
- aorta.
coronary sinus
75
n the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occupied by the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea called the
- pleural space.
- pericardial space.
- mediastinum.
- cardiac notch.
- ventral cavity
mediastinum
76
The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the
- right coronary artery.
- left coronary artery.
- interventricular artery.
- coronary sinus.
- aorta.
left coronary artery
77
The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the
- right atrium.
- left atrium.
- right ventricle.
- left ventricle.
- interatrial septum.
interatrial septum
78
In arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers associated with the tunica intima is called the
- tunica intima.
- external elastic membrane.
- tunica media.
- internal elastic membrane.
- tunica externa.
-internal elastic membrane.
79
Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?
- decreased plasma albumin
- increased blood hydrostatic pressure
- increased tissue hydrostatic pressure
- both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure
- increased plasma albumin and decreased blood hydrostatic pressure
-both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure
80
```
The basic heartrate established by the SA node is called the
Selected Answer:
pacemaker potential.
pacemaker potential.
action potential.
vagal tone.
Correct sinus rhythm.
SA potential.
```
sinus rhythm
