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Physiology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow….

A

In 1 direction

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2
Q

Foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the…

A

Septum

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3
Q

A fine tubular wire mesh called a ______ may be inserted in to a coronary vessel, holding it open

A

Stent

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4
Q

An MI that affects the _______ side of the heart is more severe because it has to pump blood with ______ force

A

Left

More

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5
Q

Faster than normal heart rate

A

Tachycardia

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6
Q

Slower than normal heart rate

A

Bradycardia

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7
Q

Abnormal heart sound caused by turbulent flow through faulty valves are called…

A

Murmers

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8
Q

If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?

A

Ventricles is ill stop beating

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9
Q

The structures responsible for distributing excitation to the contractile cells are

A

Conducting cells

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10
Q

The heart spends most of the cardiac

Cycle in which phase?

A

Ventricular diastole

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11
Q

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the

A

Artterioles dilate

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12
Q

The median cubital vein is located at the…

A

Anterior surface of the elbow

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13
Q

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in….

A

Capillaries

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14
Q

With each ventricular systole:

  • blood pressure remains steady.
  • the ventricles fill with blood.
  • blood pressure decreases.
  • cardiac output decreases.
  • blood pressure increases.
A

blood pressure increases

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15
Q

The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle when the semilunar valve closes is the:

  • ejection fraction.
  • end-diastole volume.
  • start-diastolic volume.
  • end-systolic volume.
  • stroke volume
A

end-systolic volume

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16
Q

Which of the following describes what is directly measured by an ECG?

  • the force of contractions
  • blood vessel resistance
  • end-systolic volume
  • electrical conduction
  • -neural stimulation of cardiac myocytes
A

electrical conduction

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17
Q

________ is when the heart can’t maintain adequate cardiac output.

  • Heart failure
  • Fibrillation
  • Flutter
  • Murmur
  • Coronary heart disease
A

heart failure

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18
Q

An ECG is used to diagnose all of the following conditions except:

  • an AV block.
  • an ectopic pacemaker.
  • angina pectoris.
  • premature atrial contractions.
  • ventricular tachycardia.
A

angina pectoris

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19
Q

The ________ is the difference between the resting and maximal cardiac output.

  • end-systolic volume
  • end-diastolic volume
  • cardiac reserve
  • stroke volume
  • ejection fraction
A

cardiac reserve

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20
Q

Calculate the cardiac output of a patient with a heart rate of 100 beats/minute and a stroke volume of 75 ml.

  • 0.75 ml / min
  • 750 ml / min
  • 7500 ml / min
  • 175 ml / min
  • 25 ml / min
A

7500ml/min

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21
Q

Considering the left ventricle, why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole?

  • The ventricle needs to pressurize the blood to close the aortic valve.
  • Ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure so the ventricle cannot eject blood.
  • The bicuspid valve needs time to shut before the ventricle can eject blood.
  • Aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurize the blood to open the aortic valve.
  • The ventricle is still filling with blood and therefore cannot eject blood during this time.
A

aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurise the blood toopen the aortic valve.

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22
Q

Which of the following is true of arteries compared to other vessels?

  • Blood pressure and velocity are lowest.
  • Blood pressure and velocity are highest.
  • Blood pressure and cross-sectional area are lowest.
  • Blood pressure and cross-sectional area are highest
  • Velocity and cross-sectional area are highest.
A

blood pressure and velocity are highest

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23
Q

he condition known as ________ is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries.

  • arthritis
  • arteriosclerosis
  • stenosis
  • atherosclerosis
  • multiple sclerosis
A

atherosclerosis

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24
Q

In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?

  • a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
  • a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 10 meters long
  • a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 4 meters long
  • a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
A

a vessel 1.0cm in diameter and 2 meters long

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25
Q

Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?

  • Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space.
  • Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space to the capillary.
  • The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic pressure.
  • The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is largely unimportant in determining fluid movement.
  • The net filtration pressure is usually zero.
A

the net filtration pressure is usually zero

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26
Q

In a procedure known as ________, an inflatable balloon at the end of a catheter is used to press plaque back against the vessel wall.

  • balloon angioplasty
  • coronary arterial bypass graft
  • intravenous catheterization
  • ablation
  • atherectomy
A

balloon angioplasty

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27
Q

Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of

  • cardiac muscle cells.
  • chondrocytes.
  • epithelial cells.
  • fibrocytes.
  • smooth muscle cells.
A

cardiac muscle cells

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28
Q

As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.

  • pulmonary veins
  • conus arteriosus
  • aorta
  • inferior vena cava
  • superior vena cava
A

conus arteriosus

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29
Q

Which valve(s) contains 2 cusps?

  • right AV valve
  • left AV valve
  • right and left AV valves
  • left AV and aortic valves
  • right AV and pulmonary valves
A

left AV valve

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30
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system would increase heart rate?

  • sympathetic nervous system
  • parasympathetic nervous system
A

sympathetic nervous system

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31
Q

Cardiac output is increased by

  • sympathetic stimulation.
  • increased end systolic volume.
  • decreased end diastolic volume.
  • decreased venous return.
  • inhibiting the atrial reflex.
A

sympathetic stimulation

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32
Q

An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will trigger a reflex to

  • increase heart rate.
  • decrease heart rate.
  • decrease blood pressure.
  • both decrease heart rate and decrease pressure.
  • both increase heart rate and increase pressure.
A

both decrease heart rate and decrease pressure

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33
Q

Activation of which kind of receptor causes heart rate to increase?

  • alpha-one
  • beta-one
  • muscarinic
  • beta-two
  • preganglionic
A

beta-one

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34
Q

Cardiac output is increased by

  • sympathetic stimulation.
  • increased end systolic volume.
  • decreased end diastolic volume.
  • decreased venous return.
  • inhibiting the atrial reflex.
A

sympathetic stimulation

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35
Q

Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the

  • pons.
  • thalamus.
  • medulla oblongata.
  • hypothalamus.
  • higher centers.
A

medulla oblongata

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36
Q

Gradual drifting of membrane potential toward threshold in autorhythmic cells is termed a

  • receptor potential.
  • pacemaker potential.
  • gated potential.
  • ligand-gated potential.
  • action potential.
A

pacemaker potential

37
Q

he principle that increasing the end-diastolic volume results in a corresponding increase in the stroke volume is known as

  • afterload.
  • cardiac capacity.
  • cardiac reserve.
  • Frank-Starling principle.
  • expandibility.
A

Frank-starling principle

38
Q

The amount of blood returning to the heart is the

  • afterload.
  • stroke volume.
  • end-diastolic volume.
  • cardiac reserve.
  • venous return
A

-venouys return

39
Q

During the beginning of ventricular systole when the muscle is contracting but not enough pressure has built up to open the semilunar valves the heart is said to be in

  • atrial kick.
  • isovolumetric contraction.
  • isovolumetric relaxation.
  • atrial systole.
  • passive ventricular filling.
A

-isovolumetric contraction.

40
Q

The ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle after it has contracted and before it begins to refill.

  • ejection fraction
  • end-diastole volume
  • start-diastolic volume
  • end-systolic volume
  • stroke volume
A

-end-systolic volume

41
Q 
Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ beats per minute.
		20-40
		40-60
		80-100
		100-140
		140-180
A

80-100

42
Q

f there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?

  • The P-R interval will be shorter.
  • The QRS duration will be longer.
  • There will be much bigger P waves.
  • The ventricles will stop beating.
  • The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.
A

-The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.

43
Q

The coronary sulcus is a groove that

  • marks the border between the atria and ventricles.
  • marks the boundary line between the right and left ventricles.
  • marks the boundary line between the right and left atria.
  • separates the atrioventricular valves from the atria.
  • separates the coronary arteries from the coronary veins.
A

-marks the border between the atria and ventricles.

44
Q

The term ________ refers to blockage in the coronary circulation.

  • congestive heart failure
  • atherosclerosis
  • coronary artery disease
  • embolism
  • phlebitis
A

-coronary artery disease

45
Q

The coronary sinus drains the ________ into the ________.

  • coronary arteries; left ventricle
  • cardiac veins; right atrium
  • interventricular artery; left ventricle
  • right atrium; right ventricle
  • cardiac vein; right ventricle
A

-cardiac veins; right atrium

46
Q

Blood is supplied to the muscular wall of the left atrium by the

  • brachiocephalic artery.
  • right coronary artery.
  • left coronary artery.
  • phrenic arteries.
  • pulmonary arteries
A

-left coronary artery.

47
Q

Which type of blood vessel has (a) the largest lumen and (b) the thickest tunica media?

  • arteries; veins
  • veins; arteries
  • arteries; capillaries
  • capillaries; arteries
  • veins; capillaries
A

-veins; arteries

48
Q

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

  • viscosity of blood changes.
  • pressure increases.
  • diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller.
  • pressure decreases.
  • flow becomes turbulent.
A

-pressure decreases.

49
Q

The resistance to blood flow of the entire cardiovascular system is known as

  • severe combined constriction.
  • vasomotion.
  • vasoconstriction.
  • total peripheral resistance.
  • systemic resistance.
A

-total peripheral resistance.

50
Q

Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body’s blood?

  • pulmonary arteries
  • capillaries
  • systemic arterioles
  • veins
  • arteries
A

veins

51
Q

In response to hemorrhage, there is

  • peripheral vasodilation.
  • increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
  • mobilization of the venous reserve.
  • constriction of elastic arteries to maintain blood pressure.
  • increased blood flow to the digestive system
A

-mobilization of the venous reserve.

52
Q

Resistance is a force that

  • increases blood flow.
  • decreases blood flow.
  • never changes in a blood vessel.
  • acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel.
  • is always higher than blood pressure.
A

-decrease blood flow

53
Q

Monocytes filled with lipid that attach to the endothelial lining in atherosclerosis are termed

  • lipoproteins.
  • foam cells.
  • Kuppfer cells.
  • fibrocytes.
  • adipocytes.
A

-foam cells.

54
Q

The superficial temporal, maxillary, occipital, facial, and lingual arteries are all branches of what carotid artery?

  • internal carotid artery
  • common carotid artery
  • external carotid artery
  • carotid sinus
  • transverse carotid artery
A

-external carotid artery

55
Q

Cardiac output is increased by

  • sympathetic stimulation.
  • increased end systolic volume.
  • decreased end diastolic volume.
  • decreased venous return.
  • inhibiting the atrial reflex.
A

-sympathetic stimulation.

56
Q

A tumor on the adrenal gland increasing catecholamine release will cause all of the following cardiovascular responses except

  • decreased heart rate.
  • increased contractility.
  • increased venous return.
  • increased preload.
  • decreased ESV.
A

decreased heart rate

57
Q

Which of the following would not increase heart rate?

  • increased sympathetic stimulation of SA node
  • decreased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers
  • increased levels of epinephrine
  • faster depolarization of the pacemaker potential
  • beta blocking drugs
A

beta blocking drugs

58
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium.
		epicardium
		myocardium
		endocardium
		visceral pericardium
		mediastinum
A

endocardium

59
Q 
Blood is supplied to the muscular wall of the left atrium by the
		brachiocephalic artery.
		right coronary artery.
		left coronary artery.
		phrenic arteries.
		pulmonary arteries.
A

left coronary artery

60
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding the right atrioventricular valve?

  • It has 3 cusps.
  • It is also called the tricuspid valve.
  • It prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.
  • The valve closes when the right atrium contracts.
  • The cusps provide one-way flow of blood.
A

-The valve closes when the right atrium contracts.

61
Q

Coronary veins empty into the

  • left atrium.
  • left ventricle.
  • right atrium.
  • right ventricle.
  • conus arteriosus.
A

right atrium

62
Q

Depolarization of the atria corresponds to the EKG’s

  • P wave.
  • QRS complex.
  • QT interval.
  • T wave.
  • S-T segment.
A

p wave

63
Q

________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate.

  • Tachycardia; bradycardia
  • Bradycardia; cardiomyopathy
  • Bradycardia; tachycardia
  • Cardiac tamponade; bradycardia
  • Angina; infarction
A

-Bradycardia; tachycardia

64
Q

he normal pacemaker of the heart is located in

  • the Purkinje fibers.
  • the sinoatrial node.
  • the atrioventricular node.
  • the wall of the left ventricle.
  • both the left and right ventricles
A

-the sinoatrial node.

65
Q

Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.

  • P wave
  • T wave
  • QRS complex
  • P-R interval
  • R-T interval
A

qrs complex

66
Q

The function of an atrium is to

  • store blood for use by the myocardial cells.
  • pump blood to the lungs.
  • pump blood into the systemic circuit.
  • pump blood to the ventricle.
  • collect blood then pump it to the ventricle.
A

-collect blood then pump it to the ventricle.

67
Q

upture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in

  • pulmonary valve regurgitation.
  • mitral valve prolapse.
  • tricuspid regurgitation.
  • tricuspid prolapse.
  • aortic valve prolapse.
A

-mitral valve prolapse.

68
Q

Contractions of the papillary muscles

  • close the atrioventricular valves.
  • close the semilunar valves.
  • eject blood from the ventricles.
  • prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.
  • eject blood from the atria into the ventricles.
A

-prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.

69
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by

  • large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma.
  • a greater salt concentration in blood cells.
  • the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall -osmosis of water.
  • hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane
A

-large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma

70
Q

Venae cavae are the largest of what type of vessel?

  • artery
  • arteriole
  • capillary
  • venule
  • vein
A

vein

71
Q

Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the

  • muscular arteries.
  • liver.
  • hepatic portal vein.
  • venules.
  • lymphatic system.
A

-lymphatic system.

72
Q

During ventricular systole, the

  • atria are contracting.
  • blood is entering the ventricles.
  • AV valves are closed.
  • pressure in the ventricles remains constant.
  • pressure in the aorta remains constant
A

-AV valves are closed.

73
Q

The backward flow of blood from a ventricle to its atrium or from a outflow vessel to its ventricle is called

  • emesis.
  • flutter.
  • fibrillation.
  • regurgitation.
  • stenosis.
A

-regurgitation.

74
Q

In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of

  • increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.
  • increased membrane permeability to potassium ions.
  • decreased membrane permeability to calcium ions.
  • decreased membrane permeability to sodium ions.
  • increased membrane permeability to chloride ions.
A

-increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

75
Q

Multiple arteries joined in order to serve a single capillary network are called

  • convergents.
  • arteriole beds.
  • portals.
  • connexons.
  • collaterals
A

collaterals

76
Q

All of the following conditions change peripheral resistance by affecting blood viscosity except

  • sickle-cell anemia.
  • increase in erythropoietin.
  • polycythemia.
  • atherosclerosis.
  • pernicious anemia.
A

-atherosclerosis.

77
Q

Positive inotropic drugs such as glucagon and thyroid hormone cause

  • decreased heart rate.
  • increased heart rate.
  • increased contractility.
  • decreased contractility.
  • asystole.
A

-increased contractility.

78
Q

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called

  • depolarization.
  • systole.
  • diastole.
  • hyperpolarization.
  • asystole.
A

diastole

79
Q

The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.

  • semicaval
  • semilunar
  • bicuspid
  • tricuspid
  • pulmonic
A

bicupsid

80
Q

These structures keep the aortic valve cusps from sticking to the wall of the aorta.

  • auricles
  • chordae tendineae
  • papillary muscles
  • pectinate muscles
  • aortic sinuses
A

aortic sinuses

81
Q

A tumor on the adrenal gland increasing catecholamine release will cause all of the following cardiovascular responses except

  • decreased heart rate.
  • increased contractility.
  • increased venous return.
  • increased preload.
  • decreased ESV.
A

decrease heart rate

82
Q

If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?

  • The P-R interval will be shorter.
  • The QRS duration will be longer.
  • There will be much bigger P waves.
  • The ventricles will stop beating.
  • The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.
A

-The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.

83
Q 
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents
		atrial depolarization.
		atrial repolarization.
		ventricular depolarization.
		ventricular repolarization.
		ventricular contraction.
A

ventricular repolarization.

84
Q

Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways. Which of the following is not one of them?

  • Cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size.
  • Cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus.
  • Cardiac muscle cells branch.
  • Skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs.
  • Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules.
A

-Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules.

85
Q 
Oxygen is added to blood as it flows through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ circuit.
		pulmonary
		systemic
		oxygen
		portal
		primary
A

pulmonary

86
Q 
Cardiac muscle layers form this distinct pattern.
		inner longitudinal layer
		outer longitudinal layer
		outer circular layer
		figure eight
		weave
A

figure 8

87
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a remnant of an important fetal blood vessel that once linked the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
		fossa ovalis
		ductus arteriosus
		foramen ovale
		ductus venosus
		ligamentum arteriosum
A

ligamentum arteriosum

88
Q 
The earlike extension of the atrium is the
		ventricle.
		coronary sinus.
		coronary sulcus.
		auricle.
		interatrial septum.
A

auricle

Physiology (7 decks)

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