Week 4 Flashcards
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow….
In 1 direction
Foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the…
Septum
A fine tubular wire mesh called a ______ may be inserted in to a coronary vessel, holding it open
Stent
An MI that affects the _______ side of the heart is more severe because it has to pump blood with ______ force
Left
More
Faster than normal heart rate
Tachycardia
Slower than normal heart rate
Bradycardia
Abnormal heart sound caused by turbulent flow through faulty valves are called…
Murmers
If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?
Ventricles is ill stop beating
The structures responsible for distributing excitation to the contractile cells are
Conducting cells
The heart spends most of the cardiac
Cycle in which phase?
Ventricular diastole
Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the
Artterioles dilate
The median cubital vein is located at the…
Anterior surface of the elbow
Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in….
Capillaries
With each ventricular systole:
- blood pressure remains steady.
- the ventricles fill with blood.
- blood pressure decreases.
- cardiac output decreases.
- blood pressure increases.
blood pressure increases
The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle when the semilunar valve closes is the:
- ejection fraction.
- end-diastole volume.
- start-diastolic volume.
- end-systolic volume.
- stroke volume
end-systolic volume
Which of the following describes what is directly measured by an ECG?
- the force of contractions
- blood vessel resistance
- end-systolic volume
- electrical conduction
- -neural stimulation of cardiac myocytes
electrical conduction
________ is when the heart can’t maintain adequate cardiac output.
- Heart failure
- Fibrillation
- Flutter
- Murmur
- Coronary heart disease
heart failure
An ECG is used to diagnose all of the following conditions except:
- an AV block.
- an ectopic pacemaker.
- angina pectoris.
- premature atrial contractions.
- ventricular tachycardia.
angina pectoris
The ________ is the difference between the resting and maximal cardiac output.
- end-systolic volume
- end-diastolic volume
- cardiac reserve
- stroke volume
- ejection fraction
cardiac reserve
Calculate the cardiac output of a patient with a heart rate of 100 beats/minute and a stroke volume of 75 ml.
- 0.75 ml / min
- 750 ml / min
- 7500 ml / min
- 175 ml / min
- 25 ml / min
7500ml/min
Considering the left ventricle, why does isovolumetric ventricular contraction occur during ventricular systole?
- The ventricle needs to pressurize the blood to close the aortic valve.
- Ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure so the ventricle cannot eject blood.
- The bicuspid valve needs time to shut before the ventricle can eject blood.
- Aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurize the blood to open the aortic valve.
- The ventricle is still filling with blood and therefore cannot eject blood during this time.
aortic pressure is higher than ventricular pressure and the ventricle must pressurise the blood toopen the aortic valve.
Which of the following is true of arteries compared to other vessels?
- Blood pressure and velocity are lowest.
- Blood pressure and velocity are highest.
- Blood pressure and cross-sectional area are lowest.
- Blood pressure and cross-sectional area are highest
- Velocity and cross-sectional area are highest.
blood pressure and velocity are highest
he condition known as ________ is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries.
- arthritis
- arteriosclerosis
- stenosis
- atherosclerosis
- multiple sclerosis
atherosclerosis
In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
- a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
- a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 10 meters long
- a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter and 4 meters long
- a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
a vessel 1.0cm in diameter and 2 meters long
Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
- Blood hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the capillary to the interstitial space.
- Blood osmotic pressure moves fluid from the interstitial space to the capillary.
- The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is less than the blood osmotic pressure.
- The hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid is largely unimportant in determining fluid movement.
- The net filtration pressure is usually zero.
the net filtration pressure is usually zero
In a procedure known as ________, an inflatable balloon at the end of a catheter is used to press plaque back against the vessel wall.
- balloon angioplasty
- coronary arterial bypass graft
- intravenous catheterization
- ablation
- atherectomy
balloon angioplasty
Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of
- cardiac muscle cells.
- chondrocytes.
- epithelial cells.
- fibrocytes.
- smooth muscle cells.
cardiac muscle cells
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.
- pulmonary veins
- conus arteriosus
- aorta
- inferior vena cava
- superior vena cava
conus arteriosus
Which valve(s) contains 2 cusps?
- right AV valve
- left AV valve
- right and left AV valves
- left AV and aortic valves
- right AV and pulmonary valves
left AV valve
Which division of the autonomic nervous system would increase heart rate?
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
Cardiac output is increased by
- sympathetic stimulation.
- increased end systolic volume.
- decreased end diastolic volume.
- decreased venous return.
- inhibiting the atrial reflex.
sympathetic stimulation
An increase in the rate of action potentials from baroreceptors will trigger a reflex to
- increase heart rate.
- decrease heart rate.
- decrease blood pressure.
- both decrease heart rate and decrease pressure.
- both increase heart rate and increase pressure.
both decrease heart rate and decrease pressure
Activation of which kind of receptor causes heart rate to increase?
- alpha-one
- beta-one
- muscarinic
- beta-two
- preganglionic
beta-one
Cardiac output is increased by
- sympathetic stimulation.
- increased end systolic volume.
- decreased end diastolic volume.
- decreased venous return.
- inhibiting the atrial reflex.
sympathetic stimulation
Heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular center located in the
- pons.
- thalamus.
- medulla oblongata.
- hypothalamus.
- higher centers.
medulla oblongata
Gradual drifting of membrane potential toward threshold in autorhythmic cells is termed a
- receptor potential.
- pacemaker potential.
- gated potential.
- ligand-gated potential.
- action potential.
pacemaker potential
he principle that increasing the end-diastolic volume results in a corresponding increase in the stroke volume is known as
- afterload.
- cardiac capacity.
- cardiac reserve.
- Frank-Starling principle.
- expandibility.
Frank-starling principle
The amount of blood returning to the heart is the
- afterload.
- stroke volume.
- end-diastolic volume.
- cardiac reserve.
- venous return
-venouys return
During the beginning of ventricular systole when the muscle is contracting but not enough pressure has built up to open the semilunar valves the heart is said to be in
- atrial kick.
- isovolumetric contraction.
- isovolumetric relaxation.
- atrial systole.
- passive ventricular filling.
-isovolumetric contraction.
The ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle after it has contracted and before it begins to refill.
- ejection fraction
- end-diastole volume
- start-diastolic volume
- end-systolic volume
- stroke volume
-end-systolic volume
Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ beats per minute. 20-40 40-60 80-100 100-140 140-180
80-100
f there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?
- The P-R interval will be shorter.
- The QRS duration will be longer.
- There will be much bigger P waves.
- The ventricles will stop beating.
- The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.
-The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.
The coronary sulcus is a groove that
- marks the border between the atria and ventricles.
- marks the boundary line between the right and left ventricles.
- marks the boundary line between the right and left atria.
- separates the atrioventricular valves from the atria.
- separates the coronary arteries from the coronary veins.
-marks the border between the atria and ventricles.
The term ________ refers to blockage in the coronary circulation.
- congestive heart failure
- atherosclerosis
- coronary artery disease
- embolism
- phlebitis
-coronary artery disease
The coronary sinus drains the ________ into the ________.
- coronary arteries; left ventricle
- cardiac veins; right atrium
- interventricular artery; left ventricle
- right atrium; right ventricle
- cardiac vein; right ventricle
-cardiac veins; right atrium
Blood is supplied to the muscular wall of the left atrium by the
- brachiocephalic artery.
- right coronary artery.
- left coronary artery.
- phrenic arteries.
- pulmonary arteries
-left coronary artery.
Which type of blood vessel has (a) the largest lumen and (b) the thickest tunica media?
- arteries; veins
- veins; arteries
- arteries; capillaries
- capillaries; arteries
- veins; capillaries
-veins; arteries
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
- viscosity of blood changes.
- pressure increases.
- diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller.
- pressure decreases.
- flow becomes turbulent.
-pressure decreases.
The resistance to blood flow of the entire cardiovascular system is known as
- severe combined constriction.
- vasomotion.
- vasoconstriction.
- total peripheral resistance.
- systemic resistance.
-total peripheral resistance.
Which part of the vascular system functions as a blood reservoir and contains over 60% of the body’s blood?
- pulmonary arteries
- capillaries
- systemic arterioles
- veins
- arteries
veins
In response to hemorrhage, there is
- peripheral vasodilation.
- increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
- mobilization of the venous reserve.
- constriction of elastic arteries to maintain blood pressure.
- increased blood flow to the digestive system
-mobilization of the venous reserve.
Resistance is a force that
- increases blood flow.
- decreases blood flow.
- never changes in a blood vessel.
- acts with pressure to move blood along a vessel.
- is always higher than blood pressure.
-decrease blood flow
Monocytes filled with lipid that attach to the endothelial lining in atherosclerosis are termed
- lipoproteins.
- foam cells.
- Kuppfer cells.
- fibrocytes.
- adipocytes.
-foam cells.
The superficial temporal, maxillary, occipital, facial, and lingual arteries are all branches of what carotid artery?
- internal carotid artery
- common carotid artery
- external carotid artery
- carotid sinus
- transverse carotid artery
-external carotid artery
Cardiac output is increased by
- sympathetic stimulation.
- increased end systolic volume.
- decreased end diastolic volume.
- decreased venous return.
- inhibiting the atrial reflex.
-sympathetic stimulation.
A tumor on the adrenal gland increasing catecholamine release will cause all of the following cardiovascular responses except
- decreased heart rate.
- increased contractility.
- increased venous return.
- increased preload.
- decreased ESV.
decreased heart rate
Which of the following would not increase heart rate?
- increased sympathetic stimulation of SA node
- decreased parasympathetic stimulation of nodal fibers
- increased levels of epinephrine
- faster depolarization of the pacemaker potential
- beta blocking drugs
beta blocking drugs
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium. epicardium myocardium endocardium visceral pericardium mediastinum
endocardium
Blood is supplied to the muscular wall of the left atrium by the brachiocephalic artery. right coronary artery. left coronary artery. phrenic arteries. pulmonary arteries.
left coronary artery
Which of the following is not true regarding the right atrioventricular valve?
- It has 3 cusps.
- It is also called the tricuspid valve.
- It prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium.
- The valve closes when the right atrium contracts.
- The cusps provide one-way flow of blood.
-The valve closes when the right atrium contracts.
Coronary veins empty into the
- left atrium.
- left ventricle.
- right atrium.
- right ventricle.
- conus arteriosus.
right atrium
Depolarization of the atria corresponds to the EKG’s
- P wave.
- QRS complex.
- QT interval.
- T wave.
- S-T segment.
p wave
________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate.
- Tachycardia; bradycardia
- Bradycardia; cardiomyopathy
- Bradycardia; tachycardia
- Cardiac tamponade; bradycardia
- Angina; infarction
-Bradycardia; tachycardia
he normal pacemaker of the heart is located in
- the Purkinje fibers.
- the sinoatrial node.
- the atrioventricular node.
- the wall of the left ventricle.
- both the left and right ventricles
-the sinoatrial node.
Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.
- P wave
- T wave
- QRS complex
- P-R interval
- R-T interval
qrs complex
The function of an atrium is to
- store blood for use by the myocardial cells.
- pump blood to the lungs.
- pump blood into the systemic circuit.
- pump blood to the ventricle.
- collect blood then pump it to the ventricle.
-collect blood then pump it to the ventricle.
upture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in
- pulmonary valve regurgitation.
- mitral valve prolapse.
- tricuspid regurgitation.
- tricuspid prolapse.
- aortic valve prolapse.
-mitral valve prolapse.
Contractions of the papillary muscles
- close the atrioventricular valves.
- close the semilunar valves.
- eject blood from the ventricles.
- prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.
- eject blood from the atria into the ventricles.
-prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is produced by
- large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma.
- a greater salt concentration in blood cells.
- the force of blood pushing against the vessel wall -osmosis of water.
- hypertonic solutions separated by a cell membrane
-large non-diffusible proteins in the blood plasma
Venae cavae are the largest of what type of vessel?
- artery
- arteriole
- capillary
- venule
- vein
vein
Some of the fluid that is forced out of capillaries is returned to the blood by the
- muscular arteries.
- liver.
- hepatic portal vein.
- venules.
- lymphatic system.
-lymphatic system.
During ventricular systole, the
- atria are contracting.
- blood is entering the ventricles.
- AV valves are closed.
- pressure in the ventricles remains constant.
- pressure in the aorta remains constant
-AV valves are closed.
The backward flow of blood from a ventricle to its atrium or from a outflow vessel to its ventricle is called
- emesis.
- flutter.
- fibrillation.
- regurgitation.
- stenosis.
-regurgitation.
In cardiac muscle, the fast depolarization phase of the action potential is the result of
- increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.
- increased membrane permeability to potassium ions.
- decreased membrane permeability to calcium ions.
- decreased membrane permeability to sodium ions.
- increased membrane permeability to chloride ions.
-increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.
Multiple arteries joined in order to serve a single capillary network are called
- convergents.
- arteriole beds.
- portals.
- connexons.
- collaterals
collaterals
All of the following conditions change peripheral resistance by affecting blood viscosity except
- sickle-cell anemia.
- increase in erythropoietin.
- polycythemia.
- atherosclerosis.
- pernicious anemia.
-atherosclerosis.
Positive inotropic drugs such as glucagon and thyroid hormone cause
- decreased heart rate.
- increased heart rate.
- increased contractility.
- decreased contractility.
- asystole.
-increased contractility.
The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle is called
- depolarization.
- systole.
- diastole.
- hyperpolarization.
- asystole.
diastole
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.
- semicaval
- semilunar
- bicuspid
- tricuspid
- pulmonic
bicupsid
These structures keep the aortic valve cusps from sticking to the wall of the aorta.
- auricles
- chordae tendineae
- papillary muscles
- pectinate muscles
- aortic sinuses
aortic sinuses
A tumor on the adrenal gland increasing catecholamine release will cause all of the following cardiovascular responses except
- decreased heart rate.
- increased contractility.
- increased venous return.
- increased preload.
- decreased ESV.
decrease heart rate
If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?
- The P-R interval will be shorter.
- The QRS duration will be longer.
- There will be much bigger P waves.
- The ventricles will stop beating.
- The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.
-The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.
The T wave on an ECG tracing represents atrial depolarization. atrial repolarization. ventricular depolarization. ventricular repolarization. ventricular contraction.
ventricular repolarization.
Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways. Which of the following is not one of them?
- Cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size.
- Cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus.
- Cardiac muscle cells branch.
- Skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs.
- Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules.
-Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules.
Oxygen is added to blood as it flows through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ circuit. pulmonary systemic oxygen portal primary
pulmonary
Cardiac muscle layers form this distinct pattern. inner longitudinal layer outer longitudinal layer outer circular layer figure eight weave
figure 8
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a remnant of an important fetal blood vessel that once linked the pulmonary and systemic circuits. fossa ovalis ductus arteriosus foramen ovale ductus venosus ligamentum arteriosum
ligamentum arteriosum
The earlike extension of the atrium is the ventricle. coronary sinus. coronary sulcus. auricle. interatrial septum.
auricle
