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Physiology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The presence of _________ dramatically increases the speed at which an action potential moves along an axon

A

Myelin

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2
Q

In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid

A

Choroid plexus

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3
Q

_________ carry sensory information to the CNS

A

Sensory neurones/afferent neurones

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4
Q

The adult human brain contains almost ___ of the body’s neural tissue

A

97%

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5
Q

The axon is connected to the soma at the

A

Axon hillock

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6
Q

The ___________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during rest and digest

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as

A

Telodondria

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8
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurones located?

A

Thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord

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9
Q

Which of the following is a sympathetic neurotransmitter used for vasodilation?

  1. acetylcholine
  2. norespinephrine
  3. dopamine
  4. serotonin
  5. nitric oxide
A

2.Norepinephrine

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10
Q

If acetylcholine causes inhibition of a postsynaptic neuron, to what type of membrane channel did the ACh bind?

A

Voltage gated calcium channels

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11
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system is also called the…

A

Rest and digest system

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12
Q

Most vital organs receive _________ inntervatiom. That is, they receive input from both sympathy and parasympathetic divisions

A

Dual

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13
Q

The equilibrium potential is

A

EK is −84 mV with 5 mM potassium outside and 140 mM inside.

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14
Q

The adrenal medullae secrete…

A

Norepinephrine and adrenaline

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15
Q

What disorder affects upper and lower motor neurons causing skeletal muscle atrophy?

A

ALS

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16
Q

Which of the following is true about threshold for an action?
A. It is more positive than the resting membrane potential
B. Voltage gated potassium channels begin to close
C.voltage gates potassium channels begin to open
D. The membrane begins to hyperpolarise
E. Threshold for a typical neuron is approximately-30mv

A

A. It is more positive than a resting potential

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17
Q

Which of the following statements is true? The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to 1. an increase in metabolic activity. 2. contraction of airway smooth muscle. 3. the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes.

A

23

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18
Q

The plasma membrane of the axon is called…

A

Axonal membrane

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19
Q

What lies between the cerebrum and the brain stem?

A

The diencephelum

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20
Q

Sensory info from all parts of the body is routed to

A

Thalamus

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21
Q

Name effectors of the autonomic nervous system

A

Smooth muscles of blood vessels, cardiac muscles and glands

22
Q

Free nerve endings can detect stimulus/stimuli?

A

Yes they can detect temperature and danger

23
Q

Upper motor neurones of tje cortocospinal tract synapse with neurons in

A

Alpha motor neurones

24
Q

The white structure that connects the cerebral hemispheres is the….

A

Corpus callusum

25
Q

Where are the prefanglionic neurones located

A

Throacic and lumbar segments

26
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ division of the nervous system carries motor commands to muscles and glands.
spinal
peripheral
autonomic
afferent
efferent
A

efferent

27
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.
Axons
Dendrites
Neuroglia
Synapses
Efferent fibers
A

Neuroglia

28
Q 
Sympathetic nerves contain postganglionic fibers that innervate organs in which cavity?
		thoracic
		pelvic
		abdominal
		cranial
		abdominopelvic
A

thoracic

29
Q

Which neuroglia myelinate CNS axons and which neuroglia myelinate PNS axons?

  • oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
  • Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes; satellite cells
  • satellite cells; astrocytes
  • astrocytes; Schwann cells
A

-oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

30
Q

In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by

  • producing new axons.
  • regenerating cell bodies for the neurons.
  • forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.
  • clearing away cellular debris.
  • producing more satellite cells that fuse to form new axons.
A

-forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.

31
Q

Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes

  • depolarization.
  • repolarization.
  • hyperpolarization.
  • increased negative charge inside the membrane.
  • inhibition.
A

depolarization

32
Q

How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate?

  • It would last indefinitely.
  • It would be much briefer.
  • It would be basically unaffected.
A

-It would last indefinitely.

33
Q

Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?

  • astrocytes
  • satellite cells
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
A

-satellite cells

34
Q

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

  • decrease in the rate of cardiac contraction.
  • constriction of the pupils.
  • dilation of the airways.
  • stimulation of urination.
  • stimulation of defecation.
A

-dilation of the airways.

35
Q

________ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS.

  • Sensory neurons
  • Motor neurons
  • Unipolar neurons
  • Bipolar neurons
  • Interneurons
A

interneurons

36
Q

Which neurotransmitter has a direct effect on opening chloride channels?

  • dopamine
  • norepinephrine
  • serotonin
  • GABA
  • endorphins
A

GABA

37
Q

The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is

  • anaxonic.
  • bipolar.
  • multipolar.
  • pseudopolar.
  • unipolar.
A

multipolar

38
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from most varicosities in the sympathetic division?

  • dopamine
  • serotonin
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • GABA
A

-norepinephrine

39
Q

The period during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation is the ________ period.

  • relative refractory
  • absolute refractory
  • resting
  • lag
  • stationary
A

absolute refactory

40
Q 
Below are the events that occur during continuous propagation of action potential. Select the correct order in which the events occur. 1. Adjacent membrane segment depolarizes. 2. Local current spreads to adjacent voltage gated channel. 3. Threshold is met. 4. Local current develops due to sodium moving in the cytosol.
		2,4,3,1
		2,4,1,3
		4,2,3,1
		4,2,1,3
		1,4,2,3
A

4,2,3,1

41
Q

A tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the

  • amygdaloid body.
  • cingulate gyrus.
  • mammillary bodies.
  • hippocampus.
  • fornix.
A

fornix

42
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

  • Preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord.
  • Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors.
  • Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.
  • The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division.
  • The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine.
A

preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

43
Q

Which of the following is true about threshold for an action potential?

  • It is more positive than the resting membrane potential.
  • Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to close.
  • Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to open.
  • The membrane begins to hyperpolarize.
  • Threshold for a typical neuron is approximately -30 mV.
A

-It is more positive than the resting membrane potential.

44
Q 
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the
		neuron.
		axon.
		nerve.
		glial cell.
		receptor.
A

neuron

45
Q 
Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ganglia.
		intramural
		collateral
		chain
		paravertebral
		adrenal
A

chain

46
Q 
Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are
		sympathetic blocking agents.
		sympathomimetic.
		parasympathetic blocking agents.
		parasympathomimetic.
		autonomic blocking agents.
A

sympathomimetic.

47
Q

During development, three primary brain vesicles form. The three vesicles are the

  • prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon.
  • telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon.
  • mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon.
  • cerebrum, diencephalon, and midbrain.
  • rhombencephalon, diencephalon, and telencephalon.
A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

48
Q 
The afferent neuron that carries the sensation and enters the CNS is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neuron.
		receptor
		first-order
		second-order
		third-order
		fourth-order
A

first order

49
Q

Which of the following is true about threshold for an action potential?

  • It is more positive than the resting membrane potential.
  • Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to close.
  • Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to open.
  • The membrane begins to hyperpolarize.
  • Threshold for a typical neuron is approximately -30 mV.
A

-It is more positive than the resting membrane potential

50
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

  • lateral gray horns of the cervical cord.
  • anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord.
  • lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
  • anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
  • lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord.
A

-lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

51
Q

Regarding the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter ACh is

  • always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.
  • broken down by COMT.
  • going to reduce the activity of the other neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
  • broken down by monoamine oxidase.
  • a chemical similar to the structure of adrenaline.
A

-always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.

Physiology (7 decks)

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