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PIMS - Embalming Orientation > week 5 & 6; 4 D's > Flashcards

week 5 & 6; 4 D's Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 D’s in order?

A

Dilution, distribution, diffusion, and drainage

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2
Q

When fluid is mixed in the embalming machine. Then sent through a tube and injected into the arterial system

A

the dilution of the arterial solution

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3
Q

The movement of the arterial fluid from the point of entry through the arterial system and into the capillaries (perfusion)
(drainage occurs here as well)

A

The distribution of arterial fluid

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4
Q

the movement of the arterial fluid through (intravascular system) the capillary walls and into the (extravascular spaces) tissues of the body.
- this is called retained arterial solution
(drainage occurs here as well)

A

diffusion of the arterial solution

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5
Q

the discharge or withdrawal of blood, blood clots, embalming solution and interstitial and lympathtic fluids from the body

A

drainage

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6
Q

How many ounces in a bottle of embalming fluid?

A

16 oz.

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7
Q

how many ounces of 1/2/3 gallon of embalming fluid?

A
  1. 128 oz.
  2. 256 oz.
  3. 384 oz.
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8
Q

What does C equal

A

index (percentage) of bottle of formaldehyde

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9
Q

What does V equal

A

Volume of concentrated formaldehyde

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10
Q

When the embalmer mixes the chemicals with water in the embalming machine

A

primary dilution

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11
Q

If humectants and water softeners are added to this solution they are called

A

diluents

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12
Q

When the solution enters the body it is diluted again by the moisture in the body

A

secondary dilution

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13
Q

When ___ is present it can be diluted very much by all the water present

A

Anasarca (whole body or skeletal edema)

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14
Q

When ___ is present, it will not be diluted much at all because very little water is present

A

emaciation

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15
Q

What should we do to improve arterial solution distribution? (8)

A
  1. increase rate of flow
  2. increase pressure
  3. inject using pulsation
  4. restrict drainage
  5. massage the body
  6. inject an adequate amount of fluid
  7. relieve abdominal pressure
  8. select another drainage site
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16
Q

Improving arterial solution distribution in the face by

A

massaging the neck by the carotid arteries and jugular veins

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17
Q

Improving arterial solution distribution in the arms by

A

massaging the axilla area, letting gravity help

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18
Q

Improving arterial solution distribution in the hands by

A

massaging radial and ulnar areas

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19
Q

Improving arterial solution distribution in the fingers by

A

massaging sides of fingers and pinching nails

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20
Q

Improving arterial solution distribution in the legs by

A

massaging inguinal areas, bend at knee, turn foot inward

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21
Q

resistance within the blood vessel

A

intravascular resistance

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22
Q

resistance outside the blood vessel

A

extravascular resistance

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23
Q

Examples of intravscular resistance (5)

-this will eventually prevent proper distribution of the blood

A
  1. antemortem emboli
  2. antemortem thrombi
  3. postmortem coagulation
  4. postmortem thrombi
  5. arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
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24
Q

Ways around intravascular resistance (6)

A
  1. use higher pressure with low rate of flow
  2. use right common carotid artery as it pushes clots away from face/head and arms
  3. avoid sclerotic arteries such as the iliac or femoral
  4. use largest artery possible
  5. use arterial tube (cause) that is the correct size for the artery
  6. naturally occurring collateral circulation
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25
Q

examples of extravascular resistance.

  • can be combined together
  • must keep mind open to all possibilities of combination of examples
A
  1. rigor mortis
  2. gas in the cavities
  3. expansion of hollow viscera
  4. tumors and swollen lymph nodes
  5. ascites and hydrothorax
    6 contact pressure
  6. visceral weight
  7. bandages
  8. skeletal edema
  9. inflammation
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26
Q

stiffening of the muscles can constrict blood flow. massage the body to break up

A

rigor mortis

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27
Q

pressure builds up in the abdominal area and presses on the vessels.

A

gas in the cavities

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28
Q

injecting to fast in decomposed bodies can cause this expansion

A

expansion of hollow viscera

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29
Q

massage and multipoint injection maybe required

A

tumors and swollen lymph nodes

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30
Q

buildup of fluid in the abdominal and chest regions

A

ascites and hydrothorax

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31
Q

things pressing on the body (much like contact pallor)

A

contact pressure

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32
Q

obese bodies will have obstructed vascular system

A

visceral weight

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33
Q

wraps and elastic bandages can cause to much pressure on the vascular system

A

bandages

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34
Q

retention of fluid all over the body

A

skeletal edema

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35
Q

inflamed tissue can swell

A

inflammation

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36
Q

Another name for arterial embalming

A

capillary embalming

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37
Q

What do the preservatives in the embalming solution stabilize and create?

A

Preservatives stabilize proteins and create temporary preservation

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38
Q

the movement of embalming solution from the intravascular to the extravascular location

A

fluid diffusion

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39
Q

the embalming solution that passes through the pores or walls of the capillaries and eventually embalms the cells.
- the remaining solution is then drained out through the veins

A

retained arterial solution

40
Q

What cells are essential to be preserved if decomposition needs to be halted and accounts for the bulk of the body

A

muscle cells and connective tissue cells

41
Q

Drainage is a combination of what?

A

blood, arterial solution, interstitial fluids, and lymphatic fluids

42
Q

resistances within the blood vessels are called

A

intravascular resistances

43
Q

resistances outside the blood vessels are called

A

extravascular resistances

44
Q

needed to overcome the resistances that interfere with arterial solution distribution

A

pressurized injection

45
Q

1 of the major processes by which embalming solution enters the tissue spaces.

  • both solvents and solute pass through the capillary walls.
  • penetrating agents int he arterial fluid lowers its surface tension
  • IVP pushes this fluid through the capillary walls
A

pressure filtration

46
Q

the amount of pressure produced by an injection device to overcome intitial resistance within the vascular system

A

injection pressure

47
Q

the amount of embalming solution injected in a given period or the speed at which the embalming solution enters the body. generally measured in ounces per minute

A

rate of flow

48
Q

defined as the pressure needed to overcome the vascular resistances of the body to distribute the embalming solution to all body areas

A

ideal pressure

49
Q

defined as the rate of flow needed to achieve uniform distribution of the embalming solution without distention of the tissues.

A

ideal rate of flow

50
Q

the center areas for arterial distribution of the circulatory system?

A

ascending aorta and aorta arch

51
Q

3 branches of the arch of aorta from right to left

A
  1. brachiocephalic artery
  2. left common carotid artery
  3. left subclavian artery
52
Q

what does the brachiocephalic artery supply?

A

right side of head and right arm

53
Q

what does the left common carotid artery supply?

A

left side of the head and face

54
Q

what does the left subclavian artery supply?

A

left arm

55
Q

the embalming solution is injected into the arteries of the body because of this valve at the beginning of the ascending aorta called

A

aortic semilunar valve

56
Q

the extension of the inner linings of larger vessels

A

capillaries

57
Q

what lines the vessels

A

endothelium

58
Q

makes up the capillary walls; these thinned walled cells form semipermeable membranes with which substances in the blood are passed to other cells

A

squamous epithelium

59
Q

no blood in the blood vessel because it is squeezed shut (alive)

A

vasoconstriction

60
Q

a lot of blood in the blood vessel because they thirst for oxygen and nutrients (alive)

A

vasodilation

61
Q

When you inject fluid into the body, the ___ decreases because the ___ system increases.

A

Pressure & vascular

62
Q

With no resistance from the capillaries, what will happen to the body during embalming? (3)

A
  1. no embalming will take place
  2. take the path of least resistance
  3. also short circuit
    - with no resistance the arterial fluid and blood will simply be injected in the artery, flow throughout the body and right out the vein
63
Q

how to create resistance during embalming?

A

block the drainage

64
Q

in a living body (2)

A
  1. blood cells don’t touch other blood cells
  2. nutrients and oxygen carried by the blood cells pass the nutrients to interstitial fluid and the intersistial fluid passes it to the cells
    - also called active transport
65
Q

in a dead body…

A 
the nutrients (formaldehyde) in the arterial fluid is passed to the intersitital fluid, here the formaldehyde is then passed to the proteins of the intersistial fluid, the proteins in the cell membranes and eventually to the proteins within the cell cytoplasm
-called passive or physical transport
66
Q

5 ways for passive or physical transport for embalming

A
  1. pressure filtration
  2. osmosis
  3. dialysis
  4. absorption
  5. gravity filtration
67
Q

passage of a solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the 2 solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane

A

osmosis

68
Q

the more dilute solution…

A

the more easily move from the capillaries into the intersistial fluid

69
Q

a solution having a lesser concentration of a dissolved solute than the solution with which it is compared

A

hypotonic

70
Q

no net flow of water

A

isotonic

71
Q

water flows out; balloon shrinks

A

hypertonic

72
Q

water flows in; balloon expands

A

hypotonic

73
Q

if the embalming solution is too weak…

A

to much solvent will enter the interstitial fluid and swell the tissue causing water -logged body parts

74
Q

if the embalming solution is too strong…

A

then the moisture in the interstitial fluid will be removed causing dehydration

75
Q

diffusion of the dissolved crystalloid solutes of a solution through a semipermeable membrane

A

dialysis

76
Q

they can be found in the solution and intersistial fluids; pass through semipermeable membranes

A

crystalloids (very small solutes)

77
Q

they can be found in the solution and in the interstitial fluid; cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane

A

colloids are very large solutes

78
Q

inside the cell walls is cytoplasm. this is knows as colloidal dispersion. large colloid molecules because of their large size attract water and adsorb it, along with the water is the formaldehyde

A

adsorption

79
Q

aqueous solution with all the cells organelles floating in ti

A

cytosol

80
Q

movement of the embalming fluid by gravity to lower parts of the body, by extravascular movement

A

gravity filtration

81
Q

physical process of embalming (4)

A
  1. injection of fluids under pressure
  2. movement of arterial chemicals
  3. control of the drainage
  4. fluid filters through capillary walls
82
Q

chemical process of embalming (4)

A
  1. arterial fluid is properly diluted
  2. homogenous solution (entire solution is same chemicals)
  3. hypotonic (even after its mixed with water) solution having a lesser concentration of a dissolved solute than the solution with which it is compared.
  4. chemicals then combine with the proteins of the microbes in the body, to form new compounds which changes the proteins which preserves them longer
83
Q

pink and suntan dyes are added to some fluids. not only do they signify distribution and diffusion, but they also create a nice color for cosmetics backgrounds

A

dyes

84
Q

a co-injection that can produce a blueish-white tint when shown under a black light

A

fluorescent dyes

85
Q

this will change in color with proper distribution during embalming

A

clearing of intravascular blood discolorations

86
Q

you can see veins on the surface of the skin when they fill with fluid, that means you are getting fluid to those areas

A

distention of small vessels

87
Q

pull or pinch the skin. It will not immediately fall back into place

A

loss of skin elasticity

88
Q

make note of rigor mortis before embalming and make note of tissue fixation during and after embalming. Almost feel the same

A

firming of the tissue

89
Q

if no dye is used in the fluid, some areas can seem washed out

A

bleaching of the tissues

90
Q

some well embalmed areas of the skin may seem to be drier than less embalmed areas

A

drying of the tissues

91
Q

lipa and tips become a little plump

A

rounding of fingers lips and toes

92
Q

if the blood is coming out the arterial solution must be pushing it out

A

blood drainage

93
Q

dermis is embalmed

A

shell embalming

94
Q

manually stopping and restarting the venous drainage to produce a more pressurized circulatory system to promote better distribution and diffusion of the embalming chemicals

A

intermittent

95
Q

letting the drainage free flow. used in cases where there appears to be no negative issues with distribution, diffusion, or clotting

A

continuous

96
Q

may be utilized to keep the embalming area clean or in the case of potential hazards due to microbes or toxic chemicals. also used in aid in clot removal

A

drain tubes

PIMS - Embalming Orientation (6 decks)

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