week 5 & 6; 4 D's Flashcards
What are the 4 D’s in order?
Dilution, distribution, diffusion, and drainage
When fluid is mixed in the embalming machine. Then sent through a tube and injected into the arterial system
the dilution of the arterial solution
The movement of the arterial fluid from the point of entry through the arterial system and into the capillaries (perfusion)
(drainage occurs here as well)
The distribution of arterial fluid
the movement of the arterial fluid through (intravascular system) the capillary walls and into the (extravascular spaces) tissues of the body.
- this is called retained arterial solution
(drainage occurs here as well)
diffusion of the arterial solution
the discharge or withdrawal of blood, blood clots, embalming solution and interstitial and lympathtic fluids from the body
drainage
How many ounces in a bottle of embalming fluid?
16 oz.
how many ounces of 1/2/3 gallon of embalming fluid?
- 128 oz.
- 256 oz.
- 384 oz.
What does C equal
index (percentage) of bottle of formaldehyde
What does V equal
Volume of concentrated formaldehyde
When the embalmer mixes the chemicals with water in the embalming machine
primary dilution
If humectants and water softeners are added to this solution they are called
diluents
When the solution enters the body it is diluted again by the moisture in the body
secondary dilution
When ___ is present it can be diluted very much by all the water present
Anasarca (whole body or skeletal edema)
When ___ is present, it will not be diluted much at all because very little water is present
emaciation
What should we do to improve arterial solution distribution? (8)
- increase rate of flow
- increase pressure
- inject using pulsation
- restrict drainage
- massage the body
- inject an adequate amount of fluid
- relieve abdominal pressure
- select another drainage site
Improving arterial solution distribution in the face by
massaging the neck by the carotid arteries and jugular veins
Improving arterial solution distribution in the arms by
massaging the axilla area, letting gravity help
Improving arterial solution distribution in the hands by
massaging radial and ulnar areas
Improving arterial solution distribution in the fingers by
massaging sides of fingers and pinching nails
Improving arterial solution distribution in the legs by
massaging inguinal areas, bend at knee, turn foot inward
resistance within the blood vessel
intravascular resistance
resistance outside the blood vessel
extravascular resistance
Examples of intravscular resistance (5)
-this will eventually prevent proper distribution of the blood
- antemortem emboli
- antemortem thrombi
- postmortem coagulation
- postmortem thrombi
- arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
Ways around intravascular resistance (6)
- use higher pressure with low rate of flow
- use right common carotid artery as it pushes clots away from face/head and arms
- avoid sclerotic arteries such as the iliac or femoral
- use largest artery possible
- use arterial tube (cause) that is the correct size for the artery
- naturally occurring collateral circulation
examples of extravascular resistance.
- can be combined together
- must keep mind open to all possibilities of combination of examples
- rigor mortis
- gas in the cavities
- expansion of hollow viscera
- tumors and swollen lymph nodes
- ascites and hydrothorax
6 contact pressure - visceral weight
- bandages
- skeletal edema
- inflammation
stiffening of the muscles can constrict blood flow. massage the body to break up
rigor mortis
pressure builds up in the abdominal area and presses on the vessels.
gas in the cavities
injecting to fast in decomposed bodies can cause this expansion
expansion of hollow viscera
massage and multipoint injection maybe required
tumors and swollen lymph nodes
buildup of fluid in the abdominal and chest regions
ascites and hydrothorax
things pressing on the body (much like contact pallor)
contact pressure
obese bodies will have obstructed vascular system
visceral weight
wraps and elastic bandages can cause to much pressure on the vascular system
bandages
retention of fluid all over the body
skeletal edema
inflamed tissue can swell
inflammation
Another name for arterial embalming
capillary embalming
What do the preservatives in the embalming solution stabilize and create?
Preservatives stabilize proteins and create temporary preservation
the movement of embalming solution from the intravascular to the extravascular location
fluid diffusion
the embalming solution that passes through the pores or walls of the capillaries and eventually embalms the cells.
- the remaining solution is then drained out through the veins
retained arterial solution
What cells are essential to be preserved if decomposition needs to be halted and accounts for the bulk of the body
muscle cells and connective tissue cells
Drainage is a combination of what?
blood, arterial solution, interstitial fluids, and lymphatic fluids
resistances within the blood vessels are called
intravascular resistances
resistances outside the blood vessels are called
extravascular resistances
needed to overcome the resistances that interfere with arterial solution distribution
pressurized injection
1 of the major processes by which embalming solution enters the tissue spaces.
- both solvents and solute pass through the capillary walls.
- penetrating agents int he arterial fluid lowers its surface tension
- IVP pushes this fluid through the capillary walls
pressure filtration
the amount of pressure produced by an injection device to overcome intitial resistance within the vascular system
injection pressure
the amount of embalming solution injected in a given period or the speed at which the embalming solution enters the body. generally measured in ounces per minute
rate of flow
defined as the pressure needed to overcome the vascular resistances of the body to distribute the embalming solution to all body areas
ideal pressure
defined as the rate of flow needed to achieve uniform distribution of the embalming solution without distention of the tissues.
ideal rate of flow
the center areas for arterial distribution of the circulatory system?
ascending aorta and aorta arch
3 branches of the arch of aorta from right to left
- brachiocephalic artery
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
what does the brachiocephalic artery supply?
right side of head and right arm
what does the left common carotid artery supply?
left side of the head and face
what does the left subclavian artery supply?
left arm
the embalming solution is injected into the arteries of the body because of this valve at the beginning of the ascending aorta called
aortic semilunar valve
the extension of the inner linings of larger vessels
capillaries
what lines the vessels
endothelium
makes up the capillary walls; these thinned walled cells form semipermeable membranes with which substances in the blood are passed to other cells
squamous epithelium
no blood in the blood vessel because it is squeezed shut (alive)
vasoconstriction
a lot of blood in the blood vessel because they thirst for oxygen and nutrients (alive)
vasodilation
When you inject fluid into the body, the ___ decreases because the ___ system increases.
Pressure & vascular
With no resistance from the capillaries, what will happen to the body during embalming? (3)
- no embalming will take place
- take the path of least resistance
- also short circuit
- with no resistance the arterial fluid and blood will simply be injected in the artery, flow throughout the body and right out the vein
how to create resistance during embalming?
block the drainage
in a living body (2)
- blood cells don’t touch other blood cells
- nutrients and oxygen carried by the blood cells pass the nutrients to interstitial fluid and the intersistial fluid passes it to the cells
- also called active transport
in a dead body…
the nutrients (formaldehyde) in the arterial fluid is passed to the intersitital fluid, here the formaldehyde is then passed to the proteins of the intersistial fluid, the proteins in the cell membranes and eventually to the proteins within the cell cytoplasm -called passive or physical transport
5 ways for passive or physical transport for embalming
- pressure filtration
- osmosis
- dialysis
- absorption
- gravity filtration
passage of a solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the 2 solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
the more dilute solution…
the more easily move from the capillaries into the intersistial fluid
a solution having a lesser concentration of a dissolved solute than the solution with which it is compared
hypotonic
no net flow of water
isotonic
water flows out; balloon shrinks
hypertonic
water flows in; balloon expands
hypotonic
if the embalming solution is too weak…
to much solvent will enter the interstitial fluid and swell the tissue causing water -logged body parts
if the embalming solution is too strong…
then the moisture in the interstitial fluid will be removed causing dehydration
diffusion of the dissolved crystalloid solutes of a solution through a semipermeable membrane
dialysis
they can be found in the solution and intersistial fluids; pass through semipermeable membranes
crystalloids (very small solutes)
they can be found in the solution and in the interstitial fluid; cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane
colloids are very large solutes
inside the cell walls is cytoplasm. this is knows as colloidal dispersion. large colloid molecules because of their large size attract water and adsorb it, along with the water is the formaldehyde
adsorption
aqueous solution with all the cells organelles floating in ti
cytosol
movement of the embalming fluid by gravity to lower parts of the body, by extravascular movement
gravity filtration
physical process of embalming (4)
- injection of fluids under pressure
- movement of arterial chemicals
- control of the drainage
- fluid filters through capillary walls
chemical process of embalming (4)
- arterial fluid is properly diluted
- homogenous solution (entire solution is same chemicals)
- hypotonic (even after its mixed with water) solution having a lesser concentration of a dissolved solute than the solution with which it is compared.
- chemicals then combine with the proteins of the microbes in the body, to form new compounds which changes the proteins which preserves them longer
pink and suntan dyes are added to some fluids. not only do they signify distribution and diffusion, but they also create a nice color for cosmetics backgrounds
dyes
a co-injection that can produce a blueish-white tint when shown under a black light
fluorescent dyes
this will change in color with proper distribution during embalming
clearing of intravascular blood discolorations
you can see veins on the surface of the skin when they fill with fluid, that means you are getting fluid to those areas
distention of small vessels
pull or pinch the skin. It will not immediately fall back into place
loss of skin elasticity
make note of rigor mortis before embalming and make note of tissue fixation during and after embalming. Almost feel the same
firming of the tissue
if no dye is used in the fluid, some areas can seem washed out
bleaching of the tissues
some well embalmed areas of the skin may seem to be drier than less embalmed areas
drying of the tissues
lipa and tips become a little plump
rounding of fingers lips and toes
if the blood is coming out the arterial solution must be pushing it out
blood drainage
dermis is embalmed
shell embalming
manually stopping and restarting the venous drainage to produce a more pressurized circulatory system to promote better distribution and diffusion of the embalming chemicals
intermittent
letting the drainage free flow. used in cases where there appears to be no negative issues with distribution, diffusion, or clotting
continuous
may be utilized to keep the embalming area clean or in the case of potential hazards due to microbes or toxic chemicals. also used in aid in clot removal
drain tubes
