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PIMS - Embalming Orientation > week 3 and 4 ante and post mortem > Flashcards

week 3 and 4 ante and post mortem Flashcards

1
Q

manifestations of life are feebly maintained

A

apparent death

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2
Q

the period immediately before somatic death

A

agonal period

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3
Q

in the process of dying, a dying condition

A

moribund

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4
Q

respiratory gurgling or rattling due to mucous buildup in the throat

A

death rattle

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5
Q

semi convulsive twitches before death

A

death struggle

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6
Q

prolongation of the last violent contraction of muscle

A

cadaveric spasm

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7
Q

changes before death

A

agonal period

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8
Q

changes after death

A

postmortem

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9
Q

death of the organism as a whole. ; body is no longer able to sustain physiologic and metabolic activity

A

somatic death

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10
Q

order of death

A
  1. clinical death
  2. brain death
  3. biological death
  4. cellular death
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11
Q

no respiration and heartbeat; reversible phase of somatic death process

A

clinical death

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12
Q

no oxygen due to clinical death, leads to this

A

brain death

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13
Q

the period where organs and tissues begin to cease; respiration and circulation CANNOT be restored

A

biological death

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14
Q

individual cells use up their stores of energy and begin to die

A

cellular death

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15
Q

( this is antemortem) the physiologic, or natural death of cells as they complete their life cycles

A

necrobiosis

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16
Q

pathological death of tissue as a result of disease processes

A

necrosis

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17
Q

major agonal changes that happen to body before death (6)

A
  1. temperature
  2. blood circulation
  3. moisture content
  4. translocation of microorganisms
  5. gases in tissues
  6. therapeutic agents
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18
Q

temperature characteristics for agonal changes before death (2)

A
  1. agonal algor

2. agonal fever

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19
Q

decrease in body temp prior to death

A

agonal algor

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20
Q

spiking of temperature right before death often in persons with infection, toxemia or poisoning also called fastigium

A

agonal fever

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21
Q

blood circulation characteristics for agonal changes before death (3)

A
  1. agonal hypostasis
  2. agonal coagulation
  3. agonal capillary expansion
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22
Q

the settling of blood into dependent tissues as a result of gravity taking over the force of circulation

A

agonal hypostasis

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23
Q

elements of the blood behind to clot and congeal

A

agonal coagulation

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24
Q

opening of the pores in the walls of the capillaries in an attempt to get oxygen; occurs as an attempt to get the body more oxygen to the tissues and cells

A

agonal capillary expansion

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25
Q

moisture content characteristics for agonal changes (2)

A
  1. agonal edema

2. agonal dehydration

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26
Q

an increase in the amount of moisture in the tissues and body cavities; can result from disease processes or agonal capillary expansion

A

agonal edema

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27
Q

a decrease in the amount of moisture in the tissues and body cavities; can also result from disease processes or agonal capillary expansion

A

agonal dehydration

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28
Q

translocation of microorganisms characteristics of agonal changes to the body

A

movement of microorganisms from one area of the body to another

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29
Q

a distention of the body tissues by the presence of gas or air beneath the skin. Brought about by a surgical procedure, trauma, or puncture or tear in the pleural sac or the lung tissue

A

antemortem subcutaneous emphysema

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30
Q

ischemic necrosis; a condition that results in a body part that dies dues to poor blood flow; arteries are obstructed veins are not obstructed

A

dry gangrene

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31
Q

necrotic tissue that is wet; blood and fluids can get to the tissue but are not removed from the tissue

A

wet gangrene

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32
Q

necrosis in a wound infected by an anaerobic gas-forming bacillus, clostridium perfringens

A

gas gangrene

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33
Q

therapeutic agents for agonal changes characteristics

A
  1. chemotherapeutic agents
  2. blood thinners
  3. antibiotics
  4. vasodilators
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34
Q

an instrument to hear sounds of cardiac activity and respiration

A

stethoscope

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35
Q

an instrument used to examine the interior of the eye, especially blood flow in the retina

A

ophthalmoscope

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36
Q

detects brain function

A

electroencephalogram

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37
Q

detects heart function

A

electrocardiogram

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38
Q

How long can brain/nervous, muscle, cornea, and blood cells survive after somatic death?

A

brain/nervous cells; 5 mins
muscle cells; 3 hours
cornea cells; 6 hours
blood cells; 6 hours

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39
Q

order of sequence when brain dies

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. midbrain
  3. brain stem
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40
Q

signs of death (8)

A
  1. lack of respiration
  2. lack of circulation
  3. muscular flaccidity
  4. changes in eye (clouding, flattening, dilated and unresponsive)
  5. postmortem lividity
  6. rigor mortis
    7,. algor mortis
  7. decomp
41
Q

What is the relationship of agonal edema and agonal dehydration?

A

While agonal capillary expansion allows for opening of capillary walls, also allows fluids to flow out of capillaries and into intercellular spaces; hence constitutes a shift in the moisture balance of edema and dehydration in the body

42
Q

brought on by forces of nature to create changes in the physical state of the body or body tissues; however, does not create chemical change

A

physical changes

43
Q

Autolytic (cells break down) processes take place which stimulate chemical reactions which creates new chemical compounds

A

chemical changes

44
Q

order of major postmortem physical changes (6) ; brought about by the stoppage of blood circulation, gravity and surface evaporations

A
  1. algor mortis
  2. hypostasis
  3. liver mortis
  4. dehydration
  5. increased viscosity of the blood
  6. endogenous invasion of microorganisms
45
Q

factors within the body itself.

Ratio of surface area to body mass

A

intrinsic factors

46
Q

factors outside the body and surrounding environments

A

extrinsic factors

47
Q

intrinsic factors include

A
  1. ratio of surface area of body to body mass
  2. body temp at time of death
  3. combination of effects of ration of surface area to body mass and body temp combined
48
Q

extrinsic factors include

A
  1. body coverings

2. surrounding environment

49
Q

a process by which blood settles as a result of gravitational movement within the vessels to the dependent lower parts of the body

A

hypostasis

50
Q

refers to the areas where blood movement has been inhibited due to pressure on the capillary beds (contact with a surface)

A

contact pallor

51
Q

a postmortem intravascular blood discoloration that occurs as a result of hypostasis; also known as postmortem lividity or cadaveric lividity

A

livor mortis

52
Q

What two factors play an important role in the degree of intensity of liver mortis?

A
  1. blood volume

2. blood viscosity

53
Q

2 factors at work in postmortem loss of body moisture

A
  1. surface evaporation
  2. gravitation or hypostasis
    of blood and body fluids
54
Q

results from the passage of air or air currents over the surface of the body

A

surface evaporation

55
Q

the physical movements of body fluids to dependent regions of the body

A

gravitation or hypostasis of blood and body fluids

56
Q

the lower areas where the liquids are flowing to may become engorged

A

postmortem edema

57
Q

the ability of the cells to draw moisture from the surrounding area into themselves

A

imbibition

58
Q

Blood begins to dehydrate and blood cells begin to stick together, increasing viscosity

59
Q

tissue gas- producing anaerobic, saprophytic, spore forming bacillus

  • can get into tissue and cause distentsion of the skin within 1-2 hours
  • can be spread via unsanitized instruments, bodies laying next to each other, embalming tables
A

clostridium perfringens

60
Q

2 phases to metabolism

A
  1. anabolism (building phase)

2. catabolism (breakdown phase)

61
Q

the extravascular blood discoloration brought about by the hemolysis of blood

A

postmortem stain

62
Q

Postmortem changes (2 types)

A
  1. Physical changes

2. Chemical changes

63
Q

Cooling of the body after death due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors

A

Algor Mortis

64
Q

Increased viscosity of the blood brought about by clumping of particulate formed elements in the blood vessels

A

Agglutination

65
Q

As tissues begin to break down micro organisms can begin to move through the body and settle in other areas where they can florish thus creating more fluids and gases

A

Endogenous translocation of microorganisms

66
Q

How do the microorganisms move?

A
  1. Chemical/physical changes
  2. Movement and position changes of the body
  3. Passive recirculation of blood
  4. Thrombus fragmentation and relocation
  5. Mobility of the microorganisms
67
Q

Chemical changes to the body

A
  1. Postmortem caloricity
  2. Postmortem stain
  3. Shift in pH
  4. Rigor mortis
  5. Decomp
68
Q

Rise in body temp after death due to continued cellular metabolism. Once oxygen runs out metabolism will stop

A

Postmortem caloricity

69
Q

Building phase of metabolism

70
Q

Breaking down phase of metabolism

A

Catabolism

71
Q
  • discoloration brought about by the distraction of red blood cells that liberates hemoglobin
  • livor mortis is the intravascular stain from pooled blood
  • eventually the blood breaks down(hemolysis)
  • The blood breaks down into heme and globin
  • then heme Passes through the walls of the capillaries and becomes a reddish stain which will not clear as it is extravascular stand
A

Postmortem stain

72
Q

Blood breaking down

73
Q

Normal body pH is 7.4

- after death it drops into acidic range then back to normal

A

Changes in pH

74
Q
  • carbs are broken down into pyruvic and lactic acid
  • oxygen then further breaks the acid down to carbon dioxide and water.
  • if the oxygen is not present the lactate us and builds up in the muscle tissue, this causes rigor mortis.
  • once the acid builds up, protein breaks apart this releases ammonia and Amines
  • ammonia is basic and that neutralizes the acid, which takes the pH back to neutral
A

Changes in postmortem pH levels

75
Q

Muscles are relaxed at time of death

A

Primary flaccidity

76
Q

After 36-72 hours rigor mortis has subsided , but the preservative may not react well as the proteins have been broken down

A

Secondary flaccidity

77
Q

What happens if the body is embalmed during full rigor mortis?

A

Proteins of the muscles are less reactive as they are tightly bound together

78
Q

What is minimal, optimal, and maximum temperture for which rigor can occur?

A
  1. Min 32F
  2. 98-100F
  3. 120F
79
Q

Separation of compounds into simpler. Substances by the action of microbial and/or autolytic enzymes

A

Decomposition

80
Q

Why are proteins the most important to us

A

Because they perform the structure and function of the body

81
Q

What are the top three bio chemicals in our body

A

Proteins carbs and lipids

82
Q

Any of the class of nature is organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are in essential part of all living organisms especially as structural components of body tissue such as muscle hair collagen etc. and as enzymes and antibodies

83
Q

Types of decomposition

A
  1. Autolysis
  2. Hydrolysis
  3. Fermentation
  4. Lypolysis
  5. Saccharolysis
84
Q

Self destruction of cells

85
Q

Anaerobic bacteria found on the digestive tract translocate throughout body use dead organic cells for their nutrition

A

Saprophytic

86
Q

Enter the body from the outside they deplete the oxygen in the body making a better conditions for the anaerobic bacteria

A

Aerobic bacteria

87
Q

The digestive organelles of a cell pH of body changes to acidic after death

  • this breaks down cell membrane surrounding the lysosomes
  • release to Digest other cells
  • Buy products of the state just an army no I said sugars fatty acids and glycerol which is what the other micro organisms need to thrive
88
Q

Reaction in which water is one of the reactants and compounds are often broken down.

  • first chemical reaction in putrefaction
  • water is broken apart in another compound is broken apart and new products are formed
  • proteins are broken down in a proteoses, peptones and polypeptides which are good food source for bacteria
  • these amino acids then undergo more chemical changes and become amines
  • amines are skatole, insole, cadaver one and putrescence=stink
A

Hydrolysis

89
Q

When Anaerobic bacteria is putrefaction

A

Proteolysis

90
Q

When aerobic bacteria is decay

A

Proteolysis

91
Q

Bacterial decomposition of carbohydrates under Aerobic conditions
-when carbohydrates are stored in the body of glycogen this breaks down the glucose

A

Fermentation

92
Q

Decomposition of lipids (fats)

93
Q

Grave wax, fatty acids that appear on a body after a significant amount of time three months minimum

94
Q

Decomposition of sugars

A

Saccharolysis

95
Q

Postmortem changes order of decomposition

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Soft proteins
  3. Fats
  4. Hard proteins
  5. Bones
96
Q

Signs of decomposition (5)

A
  1. Color change
  2. Odor
  3. Desquamation (skin slip)
  4. Gases
  5. Purge
97
Q

This purge looks like coffee grounds

A

Stomach purge

98
Q

This purge looks frothy

A

Lung purge

99
Q

What releases the hemoglobin which rapidly decomposes into globin and heme

PIMS - Embalming Orientation (6 decks)

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