week 5 Flashcards
control parameters
in dynamical systems theory, systems act as control parameters that can push organism to new patterns or keep organism stuck in a particular pattern
coordination
a group of muscles, often spanning several joints, that are constrained to interact in a functional way
types of locomotor coordination
intralimb coordination- muscles within one limb
interlimb coordination- muscles across two or more limbs
phasing
relationship between right and left leg; right leg does one thing while left leg does something else
interlimb coordination
what type of gaits have 50-50 phasing?
symmetrical gaits
walking, running, skipping
what are the types of gaits that do not have 50-50 phasing?
asymmetrical gaits
galloping: 65/35 or 75/25
hopping: 55/45 or 60/40
gait transitions: when do phase shifts/systems change to new locomotor patterns?
when some system sensitive parameter (constraint) is scaled to a critical value
relationship between system sensitive and rate limiters
system sensitive can push organism into new patterns while rate limiters prevent new patterns from emerging
positive vs negative constraints
organismic control parameters for gait transitions
balance
strength
coordinating body parts
motivation
environmental control parameters for gait transitions
toys/equipment
parents support
siblings
environment that allows movement
practice opportunities/instruction
nutrition
phase I of jumping development
arm: none/winging
leg: one foot leads
phase II of jumping
arm: minimal shoulder flexion
leg: knee extension precedes heel up
phase III of jumping
arm: incomplete biphasic shoulder flexion
leg: knee extension and heel-up simultaneously
phase IV of jumping
arm: complete biphasic, shoulder flexion > 160
leg: knee extension follows heel-up
what locomotor skills develop somewhat naturally?
walking and running
what locomotor skills need practice and instruction to reach the highest level?
galloping, jumping, hopping, and skipping
