week 3 Flashcards
what percentage of all pregnancies are high risk?
20-25%
high risk pregnancy definition
expectant mother with a condition before or during pregnancy that increases unborn child’s chances of experiencing either prenatal or postnatal problems
natal
birth
prenatal
prior to birth (2 weeks to birth)
embryo
2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception
fetus
8 weeks to birth
gastrulation
differentiation of cells begins about 2-3 weeks after conception
cells make up musculoskeletal system
cells make up nervous system
myelination
formation of sheaths over neurons and nerve pathways
three main layers of cells that body contains
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
ectoderm
outer layer
epidermis, hair, eye, mouth, nose, teeth, brain, spinal cord
mesoderm
middle layer
kidney, gonads, skeletal muscle, circulatory system wall of gut
endoderm
inner layer
digestive tract, lungs, bladder
cause of Down syndrome or trisomy 21
when the fetus has 3 #21 chromosomes instead of 2
autosomal (chromosomal disorder)
related to one of the first 22 chromosomes
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
sex-linked (chromosomal disorder)
related to 23rd chromosome
fragile X syndrome- genetic problem on X chromosome where boys are affected and girls are carriers
turner syndrome- females have only one X
autosomal dominant
only one parent has to be a carrier
when a carrier and non-carrier mate, there is a 50-50 chance of the fetus being affected
autosomal recessive
both parents have to be carriers
1/4 chance fetus is unaffected, 1/4 chance fetus is affected, 2/4 chance fetus is a carrier and unaffected
Do muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, fragile X, and color blindness affect both boys and girls?
No, only boys
achondroplasia
example of an autosomal dominant genetic problem
dwarfism
teratogen
any substance that may cause the fetus to develop in an abnormal manner (embryo)
whatever expectant other ingests or is exposed to affects fetus
constraint on prenant development, environmental factor
prenatal malnutrition
inadequate fetal nutrition is a major factor in low birth-weight newborns
they are more susceptible to a variety of developmental disabilities and higher mortality rates
types of prenatal malnutrition (environmental factors)
placental malnutrition- placenta not working properly
fetal malnutrition- fetus cannot utilize nutrients properly
maternal malnutrition- expectant mother inadequate nutrition
why are legal and illegal drugs dangerous for pregnant women?
wall of placenta is porous and chemicals may penetrate to fetus
what can use of opioids during pregnancy result in?
drug withdrawal syndrome in newborns called neonatal abstinence syndrome or neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NAS/NOWS)
alcohol during pregnancy
a leading cause of birth defects
40-50% of chronic consumers of alcohol have children with Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE) of Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND)
33% of active alcoholics have child with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
What is maternal weight gain based on?
pre-pregnancy weight status
what is a major determinant of birth weight and infant mortality/morbidity?
maternal weight gain
amniocentesis
performed between 14-17 weeks
inserting a needle through the mother’s abdomen into the amniotic sack and withdrawing less than one ounce of amniotic fluid around fetus
fluid containing fetal cells put in culture medium
fluid tested for levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and acetylcholinesterase (high AFP related to Spina Bifida; low AFP related to Down syndrome)
to test for biochemical or chromosomal disorders, cells are grown in culture for two weeks, then karyotype determines gender and analyzes chromosomes
chronic villus sampling (CVS)
performed between 8-10 weeks gestation
tube inserted through cervix into the uterus and chorionic/placental tissue is removed
fetal cells are analyzed under microscope with results in days
slightly less safe than amnio (1% greater risk of miscarriage following procedure)
ultrasound
considered safest form of prenatal diagnosis
utilizes sound waves to produce images of fetus
serum-alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
performed at 14-18 weeks gestation
tests mother’s blood
detects proportion of pregnant women who carry fetuses with spinal cord bifida or Down syndrome
screening tool
what is the most important factor affecting neonatal mortality and is a determinant of post-neonatal mortality?
low birth weight; <4.5 lbs
what weight is considered pre-maturity?
<4.5 lbs
pre-term
newborn is born 37 weeks or sooner, but weight is appropriate for gestational age
intrauterine growth retardation
newborn is born between 38-40 weeks, but newborn is small for date
two types of prematurity
pre-term
intrauterine growth retardation
APGAR test
quickly asses the health of a newborn child immediately after birth
A- activity
P- pulse
G- grimace
A- appearance
R- respiration
physiological flexion
neonatal characteristic; body postures
newborn’s typical flexed position due to being in the mother’s womb
arms, legs, fists clenched
