week 2 Flashcards
theories
describe various patterns of behavior and explain why those behaviors occur
major theoretical perspectives
maturational processing
behavioral systems/ecological approach
cognitive
maturational
Gessell, McGraw
development is biologically driven
predicts skill development cannot be accelerated by experience or training
*problem: discounts environment
behavioral
Skinner, Watson
individual is reactive to external stimuli
reinforcement shapes behaviors
adapting to environment
problem: discounts body
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
interaction with environment
individual is active learner
environment changes behavior and motor changers how environment is perceived
notion of stages
dynamical systems/ecological approach
Thelen, Clark
neuromaturation is not the only cause of development
change caused by interaction of many systems
movement “emerges”
behavior shaped by “constraints”
dynamic system
anything that changes over time
synergy
a group of muscles that are constrained to act as a single, functional unit
when is self-organization created?
when independent elements are constrained to act together
self-organization
patterns emerge without a central authority dictating the pattern
patterns and order emerge from the interaction of components
motor patterns are formed spontaneously and not pre-determined ahead of time
*gaits of a horse
*walking to running on a treadmill
rate limiter
constraints that prevent a new behavior from emerging
idea that faster developing components must wait for slower developing components
attractive state
at any development time, organism prefers certain behaviors
attractors
preferred behavior/pattern of system
*think baby reflexes
what shapes motor behaviors and movement patterns, according to dynamical systems theory?
constraints
*like horse and speed
how do we get new motor patterns?
phase shifts in patterns of coordination result by scaling up a continuous scaler (control parameter)
what are the three types of constraints?
organismic (body)
environmental (external)
task (related to task)
what is an implement?
dominant factor in a pattern
systemic sensitive parameters constraints
constraint that can push unstable system to new, more stable state
rate limiter constraints
constraint that can prevent new behaviors from appearing
phases of unlocking a new motor pattern?
new pattern
intermediate (releases degrees of freedom, exploits degrees of freedom and forces)
skilled (release more degrees of freedom, find unique subtle changes to pattern)
what can we do to change behavior?
habilitate constraints or force system to new behavior
modify task/environmental constraints—allow behaviors to emerge
