Week 5 Flashcards
What is work stess ?
Generic and applies to all manners of work-related contexts
What is organizational stress ?
Deals with struture of organization
ex: overpromotion
What is job stress ?
Deals with specific roles and demands of a job
What are the 5 models of work stress ?
- Organizational Role Stress
- Person-Environment Fit Model
- Job Demands-Control (Job Strain) Model
- Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) Model
- Organizational Injustice Model
What 3 concepts fall under the organizational role stress model ?
- Role conflict
- Role ambiguity
- Role overload
What is role conflict ?
2 or more role demands are incompatible with one another
ex: working overtime but need to be home by 5pm for the kids
What is role ambiguity ?
Duties, responsibilities, and performance expectations of the job are not clearly defined by leaders
ex: what is my job description?
What is role overload ?
Workload is too great and there are insufficient resources to complete tasks
- Quantitative: not enough time
- Qualitative: lacking in comptence
What is involved in the person-environment fit model ?
- Distress is experienced due to perception of misfit
- Greater the perceived misfit, greater the distress
What are the 2 forms of misfits ?
- Person’s abilities do not match the demands of organization
- Person’s needs not met by the organization
What is involved in the Job Strain model ?
Strain occurs when a worker experiences high job demands and has little control
What is low decision latitude ?
- Having insufficient control or authority over one’s job to autonomously complete job tasks
- Need a balance b/w competence and authority/control
- High competence and low authority = low decision latitude
What is the least pathogenic ?
Low demand and high control
What is the most pathogenic ?
High demand and low control
What is the second most pathogenic ?
Low demands and low control
What has a high job satisfaction ?
High demand and high control
What is involved in the Effort-Reward Imbalance model ?
- Distress occurs from high-cost-low-gain work efforts
- Imbalance in reciprocity causes one to experience distress
- Threatens one’s sense of mastery and self-efficacy
What is the Organizational Injustice Model ?
Assumes that stress occurs when the organization’s interpersonal transactions, procedures, or outcomes are perceived as unfair
What did Merchand et al (2011) find ?
Canadian women experience more occupational stress than men, depending on the type of employment
Organizational Injustice Model: Gender
What are the stressors that particularly affect women ?
- Career blocks
- Sexual harrasment
- Performance pressure
- Gender stereotyping
- Male-dominated climate
- Isolation
- Lack of role models
How are women disadvantaged in the world of work ?
- They make less money than their male counterparts
- Women are subjected to more sexual harassment (50% vs15%)
- Jobs usually hierarchically inferior to men with fewer benefits and oppotunities for growth
- Racialized women earn less than white women
What is intersectionality ?
The study of overlapping social identities and related systems of oppression, domination, or discrimination
What is the Matilda Effect ?
Bias against recognizing the acheivements of women scientists
What did Knobloch-Westerwick (2013) find ?
- Student participants asked to rate scientific quality of International Coomunication Association abstracts attributed to men or women
- Students attributed greater scientific quality to abstracts authored by men
What did Rajko et al (2023) find ?
- Women are underrepresented amongst most prolific writers
- Womens scholarly work was viewed more, but cited less than men
What do police and firefighters deal with ?
- Deal with work of an erratic nature and can be physically dangerous
- 34% of Canadian police officers screen positive for at least 1 mental health disorder (vs 10% general pop)
What do office workers go through ?
- Clerical work has high work overload and perceived lack of control
- CHD rates are twice as high in women clerical worker than women homemakers
What do people-oriented workers go through ?
- Nurses genrally report high levels of stress: greater risk for burnout
- Physicians have higher rates of divorce, suicide, and abuse of prescription drugs than general population
- Women in healthcare occupations experience higher levels of stress and burnout compared to men in healthcare
What did Planche et al (2019) find ?
High-risk occupational police specialities reported higher awakening cortisol response in comparison to the general population
What did Akinola & Mendes (2012) find ?
- Under stress, officers made more errors in their shooting decisions compared to no stress, regardless of target’s race
- Under stress, as cortisol increased, officers made fewer errors with armed Black targets ( no sign for armed White target), suggesting HPA activation increases vigilance for “threat cues”
Stress and shooting errors among police officers
What did Niu el al. (2015) find ?
- Night Shift slept fewer hrs than Day Shift
- NS dispalyed flatter CAR and higher cortisol during the day (reversal of diurnal slope)
- The minimum off period reuiqred for nurses to recover from NS is 2 days
- The minimum adjustment period required for nurses to get used to NS is ~5 days
Nursing and HPA function
What are health outcomes of occupational stress ?
- Physiological effects: hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, high levels of stress hormones, high levels of inflammation
- Behavioural effects: maladaptive behaviours (ex: smoking, alcohol. drugs)
- Psychological effects: burnout
- Disease States: CVD, obesity, diabetes, psychosomatic symptoms
What is burnout characterized by ?
- Emotional exhaustion
- Depersonalization
- Reduced Personal Accomplishment
What is emotional exhaustion ?
emotionally drained and lacking emotional resources (seen as a precursor)
What is depersonalization ?
Negative and detatched response to other people and loss of idealism. enhanced cynicism
What is reduced personal accomplishment ?
Decline in feelings of competence and performance at work
What are the key symptoms of burnout ?
- Diminished sense of humor and social withdrawal
- Skipping rest and meals
- Increased overtime/no vacation
- Increased physical complaints
- Changed job performance
- Self-medication
What are the 6 dimensions involved in burnout ?
- Workload
- Control
- Reward
- Community
- Fairness
- Values
What is workload ?
Excessive workload and demands, so that recovery cannot be achieved
What is control ?
Employees do not have sufficient control over the resources needed to complete or accomplish their job
What is reward ?
- Lack of adequate reward for the job done
- Rewards can be financial, social, and intrinsic
What is community ?
Employees do not perceive a sense of positive connections with thier collegues and managers, leading to frusturation and reducing the likelihood of social support
What is fairness ?
A person perceiving unfairness at the workplace, including inequity of workload and pay
What is values ?
Employees feeling constrained by their job to act against their own values and their aspiration or when they experience conflicts b/w the organization’s values
How does burnout occur in nursing ?
- High workload and staffing predicts burnout
- Low control associated with the burnout subscales
- Long shifts predict (>12 hours) emotional exhaustion
- Irregular shifts predicts burnout, but findings are generally mixed (depends on schedueling flexibility)
- Lower supports
- Consequences: high turn over, absenteeism, subsequent health outcomes, compromised patient safety and higher rate of adverse evetns, patient dissatisfaction
What did a study in the US (2006) find ?
- 61% use all vacation time
- 43% spent at least some time working during vacation
