Week 1 Flashcards
What are the 2 models of stress ?
- Stress System Models
- Resource Models
What theories fall under the stress system models ?
- Fight-or-Flight (Cannon)
- General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye)
- Allostatic Load (McEwen)
What models fall under resource models ?
- Transactional Model of Stress (Lazarus)
- Salutogenic Model of Stress (Antonovsky)
What was Walter Cannon first to notice ?
First to notice that when animals were frightened or disturbed, digestion would stop
What did Cannon show ?
Showed that when animals are aroused (stressed), SNS interacts with hormones of the adrenal medulla (epinephrine) to mobilize the animal for an emergency response
What is Homeostatis ?
The maintenance of steady states in the body and the physiological processes through which they are regulated
What is the fight-or-flight response ?
- A response to a stimulus that quickly increases heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol, in preparation to fight or flee
- response is automatic
What systems are involved in the fof response ?
- Dermal
- Cardiovascular
- GI
- Muscular
- Sensory
- Respiratory
- Reproductive
What is the Tend-and-Befriend Theory ?
Respond to stress by tending to young ones and befriending one’s social group (evolution)
Who is the father of stress research ?
Hans Selye
How did Selye define stress ?
“nonspecific response of the body to any demand”
What leads General Adaptation Syndrome ?
long-term exposure to stress (chronic) or activation of the fof response
What are the 3 phases invovled in GAS
- Phase 1: Alarm reaction (to stressor)
- Phase 2: Stage of Resistance (adapting to stress)
- Phase 3: Exhaustion stage (disease, sickness, etc)
What is the Triad of Stress ?
enlarged adrenal glands (continues release of stress hormone), thymiclymphatic node atrophy (dysregulation of immune system), and gastrointestinal ulceration (GI issue)
* outcome of chronic stress
What is eustress ?
- Adaptive stress
- Positive experiences
- Process of exploring potential gains
What is distress ?
- Maladaptive stress
- Negative experiences
- Results in aversive state with inability to adapt completely
What is allostatis ?
adaptive way in which the body changes its set point, depending on the environment/situation
What is allostatic load (AL) ?
- consequence of chronic or repeated activation of stress sensitive systems
- cumulative wear and tear across interconnected biological systems (exhaustion)
How is AL measured ?
measured using a composite score (AL index)
* neuroendocrine
* metabolic
* cardiovascular
* immune function
What does the Transactional Model of Stress emphasize ?
Emphasizes the person’s evaluation of the situation, or appraisal
How did Richard Lazarus define stress ?
The relationship b/w the person and the environment that is appraised as personally significant and as taxing or exceeding resources for coping
What is involved in the 3-process cognitive model ?
- Primary appraisal
- Secondary appraisal
- Re-appraisal
What is involved in primary appraisal ?
Is this harmful ? Is there a personal stake or threat ?
Significance of encounter
* Not significant/irrelevant
* Benign-positive (desirable)
* Harm/loss appraisal (past or present)
* Threat appraisail (future)
* Challenge appraisal (growth)
What is involved in secondary appraisal ?
How do I deal ?
* Coping options
* Evaluate internal (inner strength) and external options (peers, resources)
* Problem and emotion based coping
What is involved in the re-appraisal phase ?
the stress is reappraised and coping resources are evaluated
What is coping under the TSM ?
the process of ‘constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific internal/external stressors that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of a person’
What is involved in Antonovsky’s Salutogenic Model ?
- stress is not inherently pathogenic
- Depends on how the tension is managed
What falls under Generalized Resistance Resources (GRR) ?
Sense of Coherence (SOC)
What is invovled in SOC ?
- Comprehensibility
- Manageability
- Meaningfulness
What is comprehensibility ?
ability to make cognitive sense of the stimuli/experience
What is manageability ?
ability to access internal and external coping resources
What is meaningfulness ?
ability to emotionally make sense of the stimuli/experience
What is stress ?
Stress is a multidimensional construct:
* Inputs (stressors)
* Processes (coping, personality)
* Outputs (stress response - physiological and psychological)
What can stressors be ?
- Physical or Psychological
- Absolute or Relative
- External or Internal
- Acute or Chronic
What was John W. Mason first to recognize ?
first to recognize that the stress response is largely determined by characteristics of the stressor, namely uncontrolability and unpredictability
What is S.T.U.N ?
Features, or ingredients to the percetion of stress
* Sense of control is low
* Threat to ego
* Unpredictability
* Novelty
What is sense of control is low ?
you are unable to control or change the object/situation/person
What is threat to ego ?
the threat of being evaluated negatively by others (or self-judgment)
What is unpredictability
you don’t know what to expect, or how long the situation will last
What is novelty ?
this is your first encounter with this object/situation/person
