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MJM > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skull

A

Protection and housing the brain and sensory organs
Supporting the openings through which air flows and food enters the body
To provide muscle attachment
Haemopoeisis

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2
Q

Parts of the skul

A

Neurocranium
Viscera/splanchnocranium (Face)

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3
Q

Muscles of the skull

A

Muscles of facial expression- facial nerve
Muscles of mastication
Muscles attaching to spine and thorax

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4
Q

Function of the spine

A

To support the trunk
To protect the spinal cord
To provide muscle attachment
Haemopoiesis

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5
Q

Spinal curvatures

A

Cervical curvature (secondary)
Thoracic curvature (primary)
Lumbar curvature (secondary)
Sacral/coccygeal curvature (primary)

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6
Q

Abnormal spinal curvatures

A

Kyphosis
Scoliosis

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7
Q

Movements of the spine

A

Extension
Flexion
Lateral flexion
Rotation

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8
Q

Zygapophysial joints

A

Only synovial joint in spine
Comprise the postero-lateral articulation between vertebral levels
Between the superior Articular process of one vertebrae and the inferior articular process of another
Cervical - “sloped from anterior to posterior”
Thoracic- “vertical”
Lumbar-“wrapped”

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9
Q

Muscles of the spine: extrinsic muscles superficial layer

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboids
Levator scapulae
(Supplied by ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves)

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10
Q

Extrinsic muscles of spine- deep layer

A

Serratus posterior superior and inferior
Supplied by intercostal nerves

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11
Q

Intrinsic muscles of spine- superficial layer

A

Splenius
Erector spinae: spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis
Supplied by dorsal rami of spinal nerves

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12
Q

Intrinsic muscles of spine- deep layer

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
(And even deeper-interspinales and intertransverse muscles)

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13
Q

What is the skull

A

Collective term referring to the complete skeleton of head
Made from 22 discrete bones
Most bones are joined by fibrous joints called sutures
Has a special bilateral moveable joint- TMJ

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14
Q

Two components of the skull

A

The cranium
The mandible

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15
Q

Main Divisions of cranium

A

The neurocranium
The viscerocranium

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16
Q

The neurocranium

A

Houses the brain and attendant anatomical structures

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17
Q

The viscerocranium

A

Known as the facial skeleton
Made up from rest of the cranial skeleton that is not part of the neurocranium

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18
Q

More divisions of the cranium

A

The calvaria- upper box like bony construct, houses brain and attendant anatomical structures
Skull base- base of calvaria, articulates with the vertebral column, also known as the chondrocranium
Facial skeleton- it is lower and anterior part of the skeleton, made up from the rest of the cranial skeleton that is not part of the neurocranium. Viscerocranium

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19
Q

Bones of the cranium antero-lateral view

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Occipital

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20
Q

Bones of the skull antero-lateral view

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Occipital
Facial bones
Mandible
Teeth

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21
Q

Sutures of the skull

A

A feature of bones forming suture joints of the skull is that their edges are often serrated
Allowing them to interlock firmly
Makes it less likely for them to be easily unlocked by force applied only in one direction

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22
Q

Basic functions of the skull

A

Encloses and protects
-the brain
-special sense organs: eyes, ears, vestibular organs, taste (tongue and nose), olfaction
Creates a specialised environment in which the brain thrives- cranial cavity
Acts as a site for attachments of: muscles, meninges (periostal layer of dura mater)

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23
Q

How does skull achieve its ‘protective’ function

A

Bones are classified as flat bones
Flat bones are dense so strong
Their strength probably explains why they’re considered as primarily protective in function
Cranium is a tri-lamina bony structure
2 plates of compact bone (thick plates): outer plate, inner plate, compact packing of bone gives it resilience
1 middle layer of spongy bone: known as the diploe, helps to reduce the weight of the cranium

24
Q

Thickness of the cranium

A

Variable
Some areas its very thick: occipital and frontal bones
Others its thin: pterion

25
Q

The calvaria

A

Bony housing of the brain
Divided into a cap and a base

26
Q

main bones of the cranial cap

A

Superior-external view
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal (not from this view
Suture lines:
-coronal
-longitudinal
-lambdoid
-bregma
-lambda
Foramina: emissary veins

27
Q

The cranial floor divisions

A

Cranial fossa
Anterior fossa
Middle fossa
Posterior fossa

28
Q

Foramina of the cranial floor

A

Lessen weight of skull
Allow for passage of anatomical structures between extra and intra cranial components
Their large number make the floor weak
Cranial base is liable to fracture in high energy impacts to head

29
Q

The mandible

A

Innominate bone
Comprises 2 separate bones
Bilateral bony structure
Formed by union of left and right mandibles
Joined by a midline fibrous joint - the mental symphysis

30
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Joint formed by articulation of the mandible with the cranium
Found anterior to and vertically level with the tragus of ear
Most complex joint
Modified synovial joint
Has a fibrous capsule- very strong, also thin and loose to permit movements of the joint
A fibrous disc known as articular disc or meniscus separates bony surfaces from making direct contact
Synovial cavity is compartmentalised: upper cavity and lower cavity this allows for 2 types of independent displacements of joint:
-a gliding joint (translational movements in upper cavity)
-a modified hinge joint (rotational movement in lower cavity)

31
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

These muscles have 1st branchial arch origins all receive motor innervation from mandibular division of CNV
Primary muscles of mastication are:
-masseter
-temporalis
-lateral pterygoid
-medial pterygoid

32
Q

Jaw depressors or jaw opening muscles

A

Lateral pterygoid
Supplied by mandibular division of CNV

33
Q

Jaw elevators or jaw closing muscles

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid

34
Q

Muscle groups of the face

A

Muscles of facial expression or mimetic muscles
Anatomically classified as skeletal muscles
Striated muscles under ‘voluntary control’ have 2nd branchial arch origins
All muscles receive efferent or motor innervation from a common cranial nerve source- motor divisions of cranial nerve VII

35
Q

Functional groups of muscles of the face

A

Sphincter muscles: classified as circular muscles, also known as orbital muscles, attend orifices of cavities, also form sites of attachments of other muscles of facial expression proper
Muscles of facial expression proper- alter facial expression
Neurological conditions that affect motor tone of muscles of facial expression can also lead to expressionless faces eg parkinsonian face

36
Q

The vertebral column

A

The vertebral column forms the main axis for the body’s musculature
Articulations of its individual bones determine posture, shape and movements of the body

37
Q

Centrality of the vertebral column to form

A

Forms the centre of the back
Acts as a site for attachment of muscles of respiration
Acts as a site for attachment for muscles of the upper limb
Acts as a site for attachment of intrinsic muscles of the back
Acts as a site for attachment for intrinsic muscles of the neck
Highly flexible: flexibility is derived from attachments of its ligaments and muscles
Permits movement of the head, trunk and limbs

38
Q

What is the body wall

A

It’s the continuous ‘circular’ layered, external surface of the human body consisting of derivatives from ectoderm and mesoderm and enclosing the body cavity
The body wall creates a shell around the major cavities of the body

39
Q

Muscle layer of the body wall

A

Anterolateral muscle wall- also known as the ventrolateral wall
Posterior muscle wall- dorsal muscle wall

40
Q

Muscles of the neck that move the head

A

Their attachments allow for the neck to be divisible into anatomical triangles

41
Q

Muscles that move the hyoid bone

A

They attach to the hyoid bone
Their common action is to move the hyoid bone
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles-classified as strap muscles of the neck

42
Q

Hyoid muscle divide the anterior triangle

A

Suprahyoid group: elevate hyoid and larynx during swallowing. Digastric, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid
Infrahyoid group: depress the hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speech. Thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid

43
Q

Muscles of the back

A

Arranged in functional layers
Enclosed by a facial covering which attaches medially to the:
Ligamentum nuchae
Tips of the spinous processes
Supraspinal ligament of the entire vertebral column
The median crest of the sacrum
Extrinsic muscles of the back derived from the upper limb and muscles of respiration
Intrinsic muscles of the back

44
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the back

A

Superficial extrinsic muscles of the back: connect upper extremities to the trunk, they form the v-shaped musculature associated with the middle and upper back
Include: trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboids
Intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back: Serratus posterior superior and Serratus posterior inferior

45
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back

A

Stretch from pelvis to cranium
Help to maintain posture
Move the vertebral column
Divided into 3 groups: superficial, intermediate, deep
Muscles in all layers are innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
Injuries of the intrinsic back muscles often occur while using improper lifting techniques

46
Q

Splenius

A

Superficial layer of intrinsic muscles of the back
Serves as a strap covering and holding deeper muscles of the neck
Arises from ligamentum nuchae and spinous process from C7 to T6
Divided into 2 parts:
- splenius capitis: inserts on the mastoid process and lateral one third of the superior nuchal line
-splenius cervicis: ends in the posterior tubercles of the first two or cervical vertebrae

47
Q

Intermediate layer of intrinsic muscles

A

Erector spinae muscles:
Lateral iliocostalis
Intermediate longissimus
Medial spinalis

48
Q

Erector spinae

A

Occupies the costovertebral groove of the back
Lies directly under the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia
Begins in a broad thick tendon which is attached to:
-posterior aspect of the sacrum
-posterior portion of the iliac crest
-lumbar spinous process
-supraspinal ligament
Ascends through whole length of the back
Columns are composed of fascicles of shorter length
Each column is composed of a rope-like series of fascicles various bundles arising as others are inserting
Each fascicle spans from 6-10 segments between bony attachments
Muscular fibres split into 3 columns at lumbar levels :
-lateral iliocostalis
-intermediate longissimus
-medial spinalis

49
Q

Iliocostalis

A

Lateral muscular column
Begins at crest of ileum
Inserts on the angles of the ribs
It’s higher fascicles arise in lower ribs
It inserts in upper ribs and at cervical levels end in the posterior tubercles of cervical transverse process

50
Q

Longissimus

A

Larger intermediate column
Reaches the skull
Has many portions:thoracis,cervicis, capitis
Longissimus capitis inserts in the posterior margins of the mastoid process, beneath the splenius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

51
Q

Spinalis

A

It is the narrow medial most column
Arises from spinous processes and inserts into spinous process
Has distinct thoracis and cervicis portions and a capitis portion that is usually inseparably blended with the semispinalis capitis

52
Q

Functions of erector spinae

A

Extends the vertebral column
Acting on one sides bends the column towards that side
The capitis insertion of the longissimus serves to bend the head and rotate the face towards the same side
Slow flexion of the trunk but ceases activity when full flexion is reached giving over to ligamentous support
Innervated by branches of dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Overlies the semispinalis and multifundus muscles of the transervospinal group

53
Q

Transversospinal muscle group

A

Lies deep to the erector spinae
Lies as a series of obliquely disposed muscles
Most have origins in transverse processes and their insertions in spinous processes

54
Q

Semispinalis

A

Most superficial group
Occupies half the length of the vertebral column
Divided into: capitis, cervicis, thoracis
Semispinalis capitis is the largest muscle mass of the back of neck

55
Q

Multifidus muscle

A

These muscles are short and triangular
Originate in various places but always travel superiorly and medially for two to four segments and attach on spinous processes

56
Q

Neonatal skull

A

Anterior fontanella- 18-36 months last to close
Sphenoid fontanella- 6 months
Mastoid fontanella- 6-18 months
Posterior fontanella- within 6 weeks to 3 months first to close
Sutures not formed ossification not complete
Adult skull: coronal suture, squamous suture, lambdoid suture

MJM (18 decks)

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