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PIMS - Embalming 1 > week 5 > Flashcards

week 5 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Lead to the transformation of one chemical substance into another
  • these changes involve the movement and exchange of electrons and breaking of “old” bonds and formation of “new” bonds
  • new products in reactions often become reactants in the next reaction
  • metabolic pathway
  • reactions are often catalyzed by enzymes
A

chemical reactions

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2
Q

in biochemistry, a sequence of reactions is called

A

metabolic pathway

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3
Q
  • reactions proceed through a sequence of transition states
  • sometimes between transition states, intermediate products form
  • reactions end with a stable end product
  • entire series is referred to as a reaction sequence
A

the “in between”

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4
Q

the place in a chemical reaction that corresponds to the highest energy point in a reaction diagram

  • least stable point
  • can’t be isolated or directly observed
A

transition state

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5
Q

real compounds that theoretically could be isolated

-reactions continues to form the most stable product

A

intermediates

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6
Q

types of chemical reactions (3)

A
  1. oxidation- reduction
    2 addition
  2. hydrolysis
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7
Q

reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another

A

oxidation-reduction reactions

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8
Q

atom or group of atoms is added to a molecule

A

addition reactions

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9
Q

water molecule breaks chemical bonds

A

hydrolysis reactions

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10
Q

oxidation reduction reactions (3)

A
  1. oxidation
  2. ethanol oxidation
  3. reduction reactions
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11
Q
  • an atom is oxidized when it loses an electron

- makes atom more positive

A

oxidation

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12
Q
  • most intoxicating substance in alcoholic beverages
  • completely soluble in water
  • all ethanol consumed is catabolized (broken down) in two steps in the liver
    • conversion of ethanol to ethanal
  • -transition state occurs as ethanol is oxidized into ethanal
  • -acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetic acid
A

ethanol oxidation

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13
Q
  • reverse of oxidation reactions

- electrons (and hydrogen) are added to carboxylic acid until an alcohol is created

A

reduction reactions

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14
Q

addition reactions (3)

A
  1. nucleophiles and electrophiles
  2. formaldehyde + ammonia
  3. methylene bridge
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15
Q
  • 1 donates electrons
  • the other accepts electrons
  • when electrons are donated a new bond is formed
A

nucleophiles and electrophiles

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16
Q
  • 1 is an electrophile willing to accept electrons
  • amines are nucleophiles willing to donate electrons
  • for carbon atom to accept electrons; it must simultaneously transfer electrons to the oxygen atom
  • inital transition state occurs when _ interacts with _
  • hydrogen atom moves from nitrogen -> oxygen
  • intermediate product is alcohol amine
  • alcohol amine then forms a compound with a carbon nitrogen double bond that is highly reactive
  • final product involves the formation of methylene bridge
A

formaldehyde and ammonia

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17
Q

one carbon unit feature that forms between two nitrogen atoms present in proteins
-holds decomposing tissues and cells together

A

methylene bridge

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18
Q

hydrolysis reactions (1)

A
  1. hydrolysis
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19
Q
  • chemical reaction that begins putrefaction
  • driven by enzymes
  • water is a nucleophile and interacts with electrophilic compounds to begin the putrefaction process
A

hydrolysis

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20
Q

most living matter is made up of four elements

A

1 hydrogen

  1. oxygen
  2. nitrogen
  3. carbon
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21
Q

4 major macromolecules

A
  1. carbs
  2. lipids
  3. nucleic acids
  4. proteins
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22
Q

water characteristics (5)

A
  1. 60% of adult mass
  2. polar
  3. forms hydrogen bonds
  4. excellent vehicle
  5. amphoteric
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23
Q

water in our body (3) characteristics

A

1 protects joints and spinal cord

  1. starts the digestive process
  2. allows our body to excrete waste
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24
Q

water & decomposition (2)

A
  1. hydrolysis forms new products

2. degradation of proteins leads to the formation of amino acids

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25
Q

a compound of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen that is an aldehyde or ketone derivative of polyhydroxyl alcohol

  • carbon water
  • created via photosynthesis
  • formula is Cn(H20)n
A

carbohydrates

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26
Q

functional groups of macromolecules (3)

A
  1. aldehyde or ketone derivatives of polyhydroxy alcohols
  2. aldose carbs have aldehyde functional group
  3. ketose carbs have a ketone functional group
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27
Q

subcategories of carbohydrates (4)

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. oligosaccharides
  3. disaccharides
  4. polysaccharides
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28
Q

simple sugars with 3-9 carbons

  • ribose
  • deoxyribose
  • glucose
A

monosaccharides

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29
Q

long chain of 2-10 monosaccharides linked together

A

oligosaccharides

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30
Q

a type of oligosaccharides with 2 monosaccharides
-maltose
lactose
-sucrose (most commonly purified organic chemical in the world)

A

disaccharides

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31
Q

10+ monosaccharides linked together

-stores energy in the form of glycogen

A

polysaccharides

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32
Q

latin word for sugar

A

saccharide

33
Q

aldose is a monosaccharide containing

A

an aldehyde functional groups

34
Q

ketose is a monosaccharide containing

A

a ketone group

35
Q

carbohydrate suffix

A

OSE

36
Q

glucose is also called

A

blood sugar

37
Q

a naturally occurring molecule that includes fat, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids

  • fats, steroids, glycerides, phospholipids, and hormones
  • aliphatic nature
  • lack of polarity
  • amphiphilic (hydrophilic + lipophilic)
  • some essentials can’t be produced by the body and must be drawn from diets
A

lipids

38
Q

functions of lipids (3)

A
  1. storage of energy
  2. function as neurotransmitters
  3. acts as a structural component of cell membranes
39
Q

subcategories of lipids (3)

A
  1. standard lipids
  2. complex lipids
  3. sterols
40
Q

produce a fatty acid and an alcohol when hydrolised

  • fats, oils and waxes
  • fats and oils are triglycerides
  • waxes are esters of fatty acids
  • beeswax, lanolin, carnauba
A

standard lipids

41
Q

have multiple functional groups

  • phospholipids
  • sphingolipids
  • glycolipids
A

complex lipids

42
Q

lipids with a steroid backbone

  • cholesterol
  • some hormones are steroids
A

sterols

43
Q

a type of lipid formed from the combination of unsaturated and/or saturated fatty acids and high molecular weight alcohols

A

wax

44
Q

found in the brain and play a role in transmission and cell recongition

A

sphingolipids

45
Q

lipids with a carb attached that provides energy

A

glycolipids

46
Q

precursor for many beneficial compounds

A

cholesterol

47
Q

the hydrolysis of a fat and a strong base to produce glycerol and the salt of a fatty acid

  • trhydroxy glycerol and fatty acid salt are the resulting product
  • fats are sometimes referred to as soaps
  • this is how body fat decomposes
  • requires moisture and bactericidal activity
A

saponification

48
Q

wax like material produced by saponification of body fat

  • creamy off white brown material
  • exacerbated by alkaline soil
  • adipocere formation occurs instead of some of the putrefactive changes when a body is submerged in water or in a moist grave
A

adipocere (grave wax)

49
Q

a protein that acts as a biological catalyst

  • drives almost all metabolic processes within the cell
  • without these, biological reactions would occur too slowly to sustain life
  • activity is influenced by temperature and hydrogen ion concentrations
A

enzymes

50
Q

metabolic processes (2)

A
  1. catabolism

2. anabolism

51
Q

breaking down process

-produces precursor molecules

A

catabolism

52
Q

building up process

-building of proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids

A

anabolism

53
Q

breakdowns of large polymeric compounds in food that are broken down enzymatically into monomer subunits (3)
-these compounds are then reabsorbed into the walls of the stomach and small intestine and eventually into the bloodstream where they are used as building blocks for other molecules and as a source of energy (most commonly glucose)

A
  1. proteins to amino acids
  2. polysaccharides to sugars
  3. fats to fatty acids + glycerol
54
Q

enzyme terminology (3)

A
  1. substrate
  2. enzyme inhibitor
  3. autolysis
55
Q

the material upon which an enzyme acts

A

substrate

56
Q

a molecule that binds to an enzyme and stops its activity

A

substrate

57
Q

a molecule that binds to an enzyme and stops its activity

A

enzyme inhibitor

58
Q

self-digestion or self-destruction of the body by enyzmes

A

autolysis

59
Q

the building blocks of proteins that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group

  • amphoteric
  • 20 amino acids are required to sustain human life
  • nonessential amino acids are those that can be made by our bodies
  • essential amino acids have to come from our diet
  • second only to water in their contribution to human muscles, cells, and other tissues
A

amino acid overview

60
Q

amino acid formation (3)

A
  1. proteins from food/drinks are broken down into smaller protein chains
  2. these chains are further broken down until they are small enough to enter our bloodstream
    - eventually broken down into amino acids
61
Q

a substance capable of maintaining a constant pH by neutralizing both acids and base

  • mixture of acids and bases
  • carboxyl group serves as the acid
  • amino group serves as the conjugate base
A

buffers

62
Q

peptides (5)

A
  1. peptide
  2. dipeptide
    3 tripeptide
  3. polypeptide
  4. protein
63
Q

a compound containing two ro more amino acids in a chain

A

peptide

64
Q

two amino acids for peptides

A

dipeptide

65
Q

3 amino acids for peptides

A

tripeptide

66
Q

long, continuous unbranched peptide chains

A

polypeptide

67
Q

50+ amino acids for peptides

A

proteins

68
Q

nitrogenous bases

  • heterocyclic amines
  • two subcats;
  • –purines
  • – pyrimidines
  • building blocks of DNA and RNA when linked to a sugar
  • form bases via hydrogen bonding
A

nucleobases

69
Q

a biological component that is a polymer of many amino acids

  • very diverse compounds
  • large, polymeric macromolecules
  • fibrous proteins provide structure to skin, muscle fibers, and organs
  • globular proteins transport and act as biological catalysts
A

protein overviews

70
Q

protein functions (8)

A 
1. catalysts 
2 hormones to regulate cell growth
3. make up muscle fibers
4. contribute to the composition of antibodies
5. regulate cell responses
6. store substances
7. formation of skin and bone
8. transportation of substances around the body
71
Q

a bond formed from a dehydration reaction between the amino group on one amino acid with the carboxyl group on another amino acid
-how amino acids link together

A

peptide bond

72
Q

properties of proteins (3)

A

1 imbibition

  1. coagulation
  2. hydrolysis
73
Q

the swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources

A

imbibition

74
Q

the process of converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by physical or chemical means

A

coagulation

75
Q

a chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down or dissociated by water

A

hydrolysis

76
Q

protein breakdown (2)

A
  1. denaturation

2. putrefaction

77
Q

the disruption and breakdown of a protein by heat or chemicals

A

denaturation

78
Q

the decomposition of proteins by the enzymatic activity of anaerobic bacteria

A

putrefaction

79
Q
  • proteins lose all structure with the exception of the primary structure
  • can be caused by external force, extreme heat, harsh acid base conditions, an organic solvent, etc.
  • destroys the function of the protein
  • often also causes proteins to lose their solubility
A

denaturation

PIMS - Embalming 1 (8 decks)

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