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PIMS - Embalming 1 > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

a substance consisting of two or more elements combined chemically in definite proportions by mass
-pure substance

A

compound

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2
Q

when two or more elements combine to form a molecule, they always combine in a fixed or definite proportion by mass

A

law of definite proportions

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3
Q

a combination of 2 or more substances not chemically united and that exist in no fixed proportions to each other

-2 or more substances whose identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions, and colloids

A

mixture

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4
Q

composition is uniform and every part of the solution has the same properties

A

homogenous mixture

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5
Q

components are not uniform throughout

A

heterogeneous mixture

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6
Q

can be an acid or a base

  • extremely stable in temperature extremes
  • universal solvent
A

amphoteric

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7
Q

physical properties of water (9)

A
  1. colorless, odorless, tasteless
  2. atomic mass of 18 amu
  3. covalent bonds
  4. bonds are bent
  5. high miscibility (mix well) with polar organic liquids
  6. high boiling point
  7. higher melting point, heat of fusion, and heat of vaporization
  8. solid form is less dense than liquid form
  9. high surface tension
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8
Q

chemical properties of water (3)

A
  1. amphoteric
  2. thermally stable
  3. can form hydrates and take part in hydrolysis reactions
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9
Q

separation of electrical charge

  • hydrogen bond
  • very strong bond
A

polarity

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10
Q

a hydrogen bond is also known as

A

bond

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11
Q

inorganic salts with water molecules combined into their structure in a definite ratio

A

hydrates

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12
Q

any group of substances that result from the reaction between acids and bases other than water
-form aesthetically pleasing solid crystals

A

salt

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13
Q

molecules trapped inside the hydrate

A

water of hydration

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14
Q

a substance that tends to absorb moisture from the environment

A

hygroscopic

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15
Q

the tendency to become a liquid upon standing

A

deliquescence

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16
Q

hydrated crystalline compounds that may spontaneously give up their water over time and become powders

A

efflorescence

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17
Q

a hydrate that has lost its water

A

anhydride

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18
Q

substance that does not contain any water

A

anhydrous

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19
Q

water is split and becomes part of the new product compounds

A

hydrolysis

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20
Q

high in minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron)

A

hard water

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21
Q

contains no minerals but does contain ions (sodium)

A

soft water

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22
Q

due to the presence of bicarbonate salts of calcium and magnesium (can be boiled to make salts insoluble)

A

temporary hardness

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23
Q

caused by sulfate and chloride salts of magnesium and calcium (must be treated)

A

permanent hardness

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24
Q

water solutions are also called

A

aqueous solutions

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25
Q

substance that does the dissolving (vehicle, most volume)

A

solvent

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26
Q

substance that gets dissolved (least volume)

A

solute

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27
Q

solute + solvent

A

solution

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28
Q

the amount of solute that will dissolve in a specified amount of solvent

A

solubility

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29
Q

able to be dissolved

A

soluble

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30
Q

unable to be dissolved

A

insoluble

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31
Q

two liquids that form a homogenous mixture

32
Q

two liquids that don’t mix

-polar solutes dissolve polar solvents and vice versa

A

immiscible

33
Q
  • solubility depends on the physical and chemical properties of the solution
  • do not have to be liquid
  • solubiltity ranges from fully miscible to poorly soluble
34
Q
  • influence by degree of mixing, size of the particles, temperature
  • process of dissolving may be endo or exothermic
A

process of dissolving

35
Q

qualititative terms (5)

A
  1. concentrated
  2. dilute
  3. supersaturated
  4. saturated
  5. unsaturated
36
Q

contains a large amount of solute

A

concentrated

37
Q

contains a small amount of solute

38
Q

solution contains MORE of the solute than it is able to hold

A

supersaturated

39
Q

solution contains ONLY the amount of solute that it is able to hold

40
Q

solution that has not yet reached the saturation point

A

unsaturated

41
Q

quantitative terms (4)

A
  1. weight percentage (g/ml)
  2. ration (solute: solution)
  3. parts per million
  4. formaldehyde index
42
Q

the amount of pure formaldehyde gas present in 100ml of fluid

A

formaldehyde index

43
Q

properties of solutions (3)

A
  1. diffusion
  2. osmosis
  3. osmotic pressure
44
Q

particles naturally move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration

45
Q

diffusion through a semipermeable membrane

46
Q

pressure applied to the solution with the higher solute concentration

A

osmotic pressure

47
Q

properties of concentration (3)

A
  1. isotonic
  2. hypertonic
  3. hypotonic
48
Q

two solutions of equal concentration

49
Q

more concentrated than isotonic

A

hypertonic

50
Q

less concentrated than isotonic

51
Q

types of solutions (3)

A
  1. crystalloid
  2. colloid
  3. suspension
52
Q

a solute that can pass through a member

-particles <1 nanometer

A

crystalloid

53
Q

a solute that can pass through filters but not membranes

-particles 1-100 nanometers

54
Q

a solute that will not pass through filters or membranes

-particles >100 nanometers

A

suspension

55
Q

embalming application (4)

A
  1. RBC membranes are semipermeable
  2. consider RBC in a hypertonic vs. hypotonic solution
  3. dehydrated cases
  4. edematous cases
56
Q

substances that yield hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution

57
Q

substances that yield hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution

-highly regulated substances in biological systems

58
Q

pH shifts from ____ > ____ > _____ when a person dies

-acids, bases, and salts use water as their vehicles

A

basic > acidic > basic

59
Q

any compound that can act as both an acid and a base in an aqueous solution

  • water acts as base in the presence of acid
  • water acts as an acid in the presence of a base
  • when water molecules collide with enough force, a positive hydrogen ion can be formed
A

amphoterism

60
Q

Acid produces a hydrogen ion H+ in aqueous solutions…. what results? (4)

A
  1. acids taste sour
  2. acids turn litmus paper red
  3. acids can exist as solids, liquids, and gases
  4. classified as strong, medium, or weak
61
Q

bases produce a hydroxide ion (OH-) in aqueous solutions (3)

A
  1. strength of aqueous bases is determined by the percent of dissociation into positive ions and hydroxide ions
  2. strong bases usually dissociate in water and weak bases only partially dissociate
  3. some strong bases are referred to as caustic which means they are corrosive
  4. water solutions of bases may be referred to as “alkaline”
  5. titter taste
  6. bases turn litmus paper blue
  7. solutions of bases feel slippery or soapy
  8. bases generally exist as a moist or oily solid
62
Q

acids react with bases to form a water and a salt

  • base neutralizes the acid
  • driving force is the formation of water
A

neutralization

63
Q
  • an acid is anything that accepts a pair of electrons

- a base is anything that donates a pair of electrons

A

lewis theory

64
Q

the concentration of acid of H+ in an aqueous solution

-power or potential of hydrogen

65
Q

runs from 0-14

  • pH less than 7 is acidic
  • pH of 7 is neutral
  • pH higher than 7 is a basic
66
Q
  • cellular metabolism continues after death
  • kindeys no longer work, creating an excess of metabolites.

post mortem pH shift

A

Basic > Acidic

67
Q

post mortem pH shift

  • proteins break down
  • nitrogen is released into the body
A

Acidic > basic

68
Q

Embalming chemicals function best in their optimal pH range

pH and embalming

A

formaldehyde 7.3-7.5

Glutaraldehyde 7.3-9.0

69
Q

substances capable of maintaining a constant pH by neutralizing both acids and bases
-composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid

70
Q

any group of substances that result from the reaction between acids and bases other than water

71
Q

produce an acidic solution (still contain a portion of their H+)

72
Q

product of incomplete neutralization of a strong base and a weak acid

A

basic salt

73
Q

all replaceable hydrogen components of an acids are replaced by a metal

A

normal salt

74
Q

salt characteristics (2)

A
  1. ionic

2. ionization

75
Q

salts dissociate into positive and negative ions

76
Q

the dissociating of a substance into charged atoms or groups of atoms
-presence of ions allows for conduction of electricity

A

ionization

PIMS - Embalming 1 (8 decks)

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