Week 5 Flashcards
Test II
Extinction vs Neg Punishment
- extinction - removal of reinforcement
- neg punishment - removal of stimuli
- both - sees decrease in behavior
Extinction
- removal of reinforcement
- a behavior that was previously reinforced
- no longer produces reinforcement
- as a result the behavior stops occurring
- has to be implemented 100% of the time to be effective
Procedural Variations of Extinction
extinction as a procedure → determined by the maintaining reinforcer
Extinction maintained by positive reinforcement (SR+)
- withhold (do not deliver) the reinforcer
Extinction maintained by negative reinforcement (SR-)
- do not terminate/remove the stimulus (if escape)
- the task needs to be completed
- do not delay stimulus presentation (if avoidance)
- continue to present
Extinction maintained by automatic reinforcement (+/-)
ex: hitting machine no longer stops the clanging (effect on target behavior: hitting machine decreases)
Extinction Burst
- behavior temporarily increases in frequency intensity and/or duration
- response variability includes…
- previously reinforced behaviors
- novel (new) behaviors may also emerge
Ex: whining not reinforced → crying, flopping on floor, hitting, etc. emerges
Effects of Extinction Burst
Main effect of extinction → Decrease in behavior - usually gradual
Secondary effects → extinction bursts
Often gets worse before it gets better because child is accustomed to the previously available reinforcer
Secondary effects → Spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous Recovery
- even when a behavior has stopped the behavior might occur again later
- especially likely when returning to a similar situations as when response was reinforced before
- consistency of extinction during recovery is important; behavior will likely return if reinforced during recovery
- sometimes it is not clear why spontaneous recovery occurs
***extinction must remain in place/consistent → do not offer reinforcement
Advantages of Extinction
- simple and direct method of reducing problematic responses
Disadvantages for Extinction
- withholding reinforcement may not always in practice
- Needs 100% consistency
- Side effects: extinction burst, emotional responding
- This may not always be safe or acceptable risk
- May be slow acting
- Does not establish alternatives response
- Does not reach and appropriate alternative ways to access reinforcement
Punishment
- a stimulus change…
- .. contingent on a response (or that follows a response)
- …which DECREASES the future probability of that response
- defined based on effects - only if behavior decreases in the future (no universal reinforcers)
Reinforcement vs Punishment
R - increases behavior
P - decreases behavior
Positive Punishment
- a stimulus is presented or magnified, contingent on a response and this deceases the future probability of the response
- we call the stimulus that is presented in positive punishment an aversive stimulus
ex: spanking, electric shock
Response-Contingent Effort
- individual is required to engage in extra effort contingent on the target behavior
Contingent Exercise
- term often used when the effort is unrelated to the target behavior
- ex: if your bunk isn’t clean you have to do 20 push ups
Overcorrection
- activity is somehow related to the target behavior
Positive Practice
overcorrection
- the individual must perform an alternative or correct behavior multiple times following problem behavior
- ex: toileting → if a child has an accident, “we sit go pee pee on the potty” follow through with the routine even though the child already relieved themselves
Restitution
overcorrection
- individual must correct damage done by the problem behavior and improve environment beyond its original condition
- ex: clean entire cafeteria after throwing food
Response Blocking
- physically interrupting the response as soon as it begins to occur
- is this punishment, extinction or both
Response Interruption and Redirection (RIRD)
- a combination of response blocking and contingent effort
- has been applied to motor and vocal stereotypy
- a more recently evaluated punishment
Negative Punishment
- a stimulus is removed or reduced contingent on a response and this decreases the future probability of the response
Two Main Types of Negative Punishment
- Time-Out
2. Response Cost
Time-out
Negative Punishment
- loss of access to positive reinforcers for brief periods of time contingent on the target behavior
Response Cost
Negative Punishment
- loss or removal of a specific amount of a tangible reinforcer (already earned/in possession)
ex: speeding ticket
