ch. 11, 12, 13 (wk. 3) Flashcards
1
Q
Reinforcement
A
- the relationship between behavior and its consequences
- a few seconds apart
2
Q
Positive Reinforcement
A
- a response is followed immediately by a favorable stimulus change
- increases the future occurrence of similar responses
3
Q
Premack Principle
A
- behaviors on their own can be reinforcers
- The frequency of the behavior was important to see how effective it was as a reinforcer
4
Q
Automatic Reinforcement
A
- ) The “behavior-stimulus change relation” is independent of social mediation
- ) A behavior persists without a reinforcer
- “default” situations/automatic reinforcement = the controlling variable
5
Q
Socially Mediated Reinforcement
A
- Ex: of social reinforcers → physical contact (hugs, cuddles, tickling); attention; proximity; praise
- Attention from an adult is one of the most powerful reinforcers for young children
- social attention = unconditioned reinforcements
6
Q
Conditioned Reinforcement
A
- a neutral stimulus is able to function as a reinforcer
- stimulus-stimulus pairing
- one or more unconditioned reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers are present
7
Q
Unconditioned Reinforcement
A
- stimulus change that is reinforcement
- the learner has had no learning history with it
- innate reinforcement
8
Q
Negative Reinforcement
A
- a response that is followed by the termination, reduction or postponement or avoidance of a (favorable) stimulus
- this leads to an increase in future occurrences
9
Q
Aversive Stimulus
A
- stimulus that increases the frequency of the performance when terminated
10
Q
Avoidance Contingency
A
- a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimuli
- ex: turn off loud noises; shield eyes from the sun; run from an aggressor (natural examples of escape con.)
11
Q
Escape Contingency
A
- a response that terminates/produces escape from an ongoing stimulus (unfavorable)
- The subject needs to perform the targeted behavior in order to escape a stimuli that is unpleasant (very unethical with humans)
12
Q
Schedule of Reinforcement
A
- the environment structure that determines conditions that allow behaviors to produce reinforcement
13
Q
Continuous Reinforcement (aka CRF)
A
- provides reinforcement for each occurrence of behavior
- Used to strengthen behavior
14
Q
Extinction (EXT)
A
no occurrence of the behavior produces reinforcement
15
Q
Intermittent Reinforcement (INT)
A
- selected occurrences of the behavior produce reinforcement
- an intermittent schedule of reinforcement
16
Q
Fixed Ratio (FR)
A
- a schedule of reinforcement that needs the completion of a fixed number of responses to produce a reinforcer
- ex: for every 4th target response, a reinforcer is admitted (FR 4 schedule)
17
Q
Variable Ratio (VR)
A
- a schedule of reinforcement that needs the completion of a variable number of response to produce a reinforcer
- ex: VR 10 schedule → every 10th correct response on the average produces a reinforcement
18
Q
Fixed Interval (FI)
A
- a schedule of reinforcement that gives reinforcement for the first response following a fixed duration of time
- the reinforcer is available after a fixed time (ex: FI 3-min schedule) and remains available until the first response
19
Q
PRP (post reinforcement pause)
A
- response to FR
- the participant does not respond for a period following reinforcement
20
Q
Schedule Training
A
- ) Thin an existing schedule by gradually increasing the the duration of the time interval
- ) Use instruction to clearly communicate the schedule of reinforcement
- facilitates a smooth transition during the thinning process
21
Q
Ratio Strain
A
- result from abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules
- small and gradual increases in ratio requirements help to avoid the development of ratio strains
