week 4 quiz

Question 1

what causes opening and closing of stomata?

Answer 1

-blue light
-co2 depletion
-h2o availability
-circadian rhythm

Question 2

what does nitrogen fixing bacteria do?

Answer 2

turn nitrogen into NH3 or ammonia

Question 3

what does nitrifying bacteria do to ammonium

Answer 3

turn it into NO2- or nitrite

Question 3

what does H+ from the soil water do to NH3

Answer 3

produce NH4+ or ammonium

Question 4

what does nitrifying bacteria do to nitrite?

Answer 4

turn it into NO3- or nitrate

Question 5

what happens to nitrate

Answer 5

1) dentrifying bacteria turns it back into N2 and it is released into the atmosphere
2) turns into NH4+ and goes into xylem of the roots

Question 6

what does dead organic material produce

Answer 6

decomposition-> amino acids-> ammonifying bacteria-> ammonium

Question 7

the root nodules of legumes

Answer 7

have a mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria(Rhizobium) because they produce usable N2 at the root and bacteria gets sugar in the root

Question 8

Mycorrhizae

Answer 8

has a mutualistic associations of fungi & roots; the host plant gives the fungus a steady supply of sugars; fungus(long-tubular extension) increases the SA:V for water uptake

Question 9

two types of Mycorrhizae

Answer 9

-ectomycorrhizae-> blue sheaths around root; don’t penetrate cells
-arbuscular mycorrhizae-> go into root and penetrate cells

Question 10

hydra animal digestion

Answer 10

gastrovascular cavity= intracellular digestion (cells themselves engulf tiny molecules)

Question 11

what are more complex animals’ digestive tracts called?

Answer 11

alimentary canals

Question 12

what do complex animals do

Answer 12

extracellular digestion

Question 13

what do earthworms and birds have to aid in digestion

Answer 13

gizzards

Question 14

epiglottis up

Answer 14

trachea open

Question 15

epiglottis down

Answer 15

esophagus open, trachea closed

Question 16

how is the digestive tract compartmentalized

Answer 16

sphincters

Question 17

what is peristalsis

Answer 17

wave-like contractions of whatever tube is moving; way that we move things through digestive tract

Question 18

why are the small intestines efficient?

Answer 18

-tube shape increases SA:V ratio
-folds increases SA:V ratio
-vili increases SA:V ratio
-microvili increases SA:V ratio

Question 19

what do large intestine do?

Answer 19

reabsorbs water from feces

Question 20

what do small intestines do?

Answer 20

digestion & absorption;

Question 21

where is glucagon produced?

Answer 21

the pancreas increases it and it tells the liver to break down glycogen to release glucose into blood

Question 22

how is insulin produced?

Answer 22

the pancreas secretes it and it enhances the transport of glucose & makes the liver store glucose as glycogen

Question 23

what does the gallbladder do?

Answer 23

it stores bile; balloon type structure

Question 24

blood glucose homeoestasis cycle: blood glucose level increases(such as after eating)

Answer 24

1) increases
2) beta cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin into the blood
3) insulin enhances the transport of glucose into body cells and stimulates the liver to store glucose as glycogen
4) blood glucose level falls

Question 25

blood glucose homeoestasis cycle: blood glucose level decreases(such as after fasting)

Answer 25

1) decreases
2) alpha cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone glucagon into the blood
3)glucagon promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and the release of glucose into the blood
4) blood glucose level rises

Question 26

what is bile?

Answer 26

*made in the liver
*released into small intestine & emulsifies fats; breaks them down into small droplets=easier digestion

Question 27

when and why is gastrin released?

Answer 27

released when food enters the stomach and it stimulates the production of gastric juices

Question 28

what happens when chyme enters the duodenum?

Answer 28

1)CCK is released and causes the pancreas to stimulate the release of bile from the gallbladder
2)secretin is released and stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate which reduces the acidity of chyme

Question 29

what happens if the chyme is rich in fats?

Answer 29

the high levels of secretin and CCK released inhibits peristalsis which slows the movement of chyme and allows it to digest properly

Question 30

what is gas exchange?

Answer 30

the uptake of O2 from the environment and the discharge of CO2 to the environment

Question 31

what is partial pressure?

Answer 31

the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases; also applies to gases dissolved in liquids such as water

Question 32

is O2 less soluble in water than in air

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

is O2 concentration in air?

Answer 33

30x stronger in air than in water since diffusion is harder in air

Question 34

what are respiratory surfaces?

Answer 34

*gas exchange across respiratory surfaces(have to be moist) takes place by diffusion
* respiratory surfaces vary by animal and can include the skin, gills, trachae, and lungs

Question 35

how are the gills in aquatic animals?

Answer 35

*outfoldings of the body that create a large SA for gas exchange
*ventilation moves the rspiratory medium over the respiratory surface
*aquatic animals move through water or move water over their gills for ventilation

Question 36

how do fish get oxygen?

Answer 36

countercurrent exchange in fish gill; 2 types of liquid move in opposite direction

Question 37

how do insects get oxygen?

Answer 37

*tracheal system in insects: consists mostly of network of branching tubes throughout the body
- the tracheal tubes supply O2 to body cells
-the respiratory and circulatory systems are separate
-larger insects must ventilate their tracheal system to meet O2 demands

Question 38

how do the lungs work?

Answer 38

*lungs are the infolding of the body surface
*the circulatory system transports gases between the lungs and the rest of the body
*the size & complexity of lungs correlate with an animal’s metabolic rate
*gas exchange takes place in alveoli, air sacs at the tips of bronchioles
*oxygen diffuses through the moist film of the epithelium and into capillaries
*carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries across the epithelium and into the air space

Question 39

how does a bird breathe?

Answer 39

*birds have air sacs that function as bellows that keep air flowing through the lungs
*air passes through the lungs in one direction only
*passage of air through the entire system of lungs and sir sacs requires two cycles of inhalation and exhalation
*ventilation in birds is highly efficient

Question 40

why is bird breathing more efficient?

Answer 40

one way breathing means no exhalation of valuable gases, like humans do