Week 4 quiz Flashcards
hierarchy of evidence
seven level scale used to rate the strength of evidence
level 1
considered the highest quality of evidence, summarizes more than one study
-includes summaries, synopses, meta-analyses, randomized control, clinical practice guidelines
summaries
best practice recommendations based on appraisal of information about a particular practice in question
synopses
brief description of evidence that provide an overview of key points of evidence from multiple sources
**different than abstract because it looks at multiple studies
meta-analysis
estimates effectiveness of intervention based on statistical methods to analyze data from published and unpublished studies
** “study about studies”
systematic review
systematic synthesis of research findings from experimental and quasi-experimental studies about a clinical problem
**can only used published studies here
quasi experimental
studies that evaluate interventions but do not use a randomized sample
**manipulate the IV but lack random assessment to experimental and comparison groups
clinical practice guidelines
include recommendations intended to optimize patient care that are informed by a systematic review of evidence / assessment of benefits and harms
level 2
only includes randomized control trials
randomized controlled trials
typically involve large samples and are sometimes conducted at multiple sites
level 3
only includes quasi-experimental design
level 4
includes correlational designs, cohort studies, case control studies, mixed method designs
correlational design
nonexperimental design used to study relationships among two or more variables
cohort study
epidemiological design in which participants are being selected based on their exposure to a particular factor
case control studies
participants are grouped on the presence / absence of a particular disease and then compared
mixed method design
combines qualitative and quantitative data gathering
level 5
includes integrative review and metasynthesis
integrative review
scholarly papers that have been published that include nonexperimental studies to answer clinical questions
metasynthesis
systematic review of qualitative studies
level 6
includes single descriptive study, single qualitative study, qualitative findings from mixed method designs, EBP project, QI project, case study series, case studies, concept analysis
descriptive research
nonexperimental study that involves asking questions to a sample of individuals who represent a group
qualitative research
research that uses words to describe human behaviors
quantitative research
research that uses numbers to obtain precise measurements
EBP project
endeavor to change practice based on best evidence in clinical setting
quality improvement projects
structured, continuous, activities designed to systematically improve ways care is delivered to patients
case series studies
report used to describe rare diseases or outcomes
case study
description about a single or novel event of interest
concept analysis
process that explores attributes and characteristics of a concept
level 7
lowest level of hierarchy , includes narrative reviews and opinion of authorities
narrative reviews
papers based on common / uncommon elements of work without concern for research methods, design, or setting
participants
individuals in qualitative study
informants
individuals in qualitative study
purposive sampling
sampling method to recruit specific persons who could provide inside information
key informants
individuals who have intimate knowledge of a subject and are willing to share it
snowball sampling
recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants
data saturation
time when no new information is being obtained and repetition of information is consistent
sources of qualitative data
indepth interview
direct observation
artifacts (written documents / photographs / objects)
fieldwork
time researchers spend interacting with participants
participant observation
role of researcher in qualitative methods when researcher is not only an observer but also a participant in data collection
memoing
used to record ideas that come to researchers as they live with data
bracketing
used to set aside their personal interpretation and avoid bias
data reduction
simplify large amounts of data obtained from interviews and other sources
credibility
refers to the truth or believability of findings
four elements of evaluation
credibility
transferability
dependability
confirmability
transferability
relates to whether findings from one study can be transferred to a similar context
dependabilty
relates to consistency in finding over time
confirmability
relates to rigorous attempts to be objective and the maintenance of audit trails to document the research process
credibility strategies
persistent observation
peer debriefing
referential adequacy
member checks
persistent observation
researcher has spent a good deal of quality time with participants while attempting to describe the essence of phenomenon
peer debriefing
researcher enlists the help of another person who is a peer to discuss the data and findings
referential adequacy
multiple sources of data are compared and the new findings hold true
member checks
researcher goes back to participants and shares with them the findings to reflect what participant said
audit trail
documentation that includes field notes, methods log, reflective journal to detail a researcher’s decision making
4 major types of qualitative research
phenomenology
grounded theory
ethnography
historical
phenomenology
describes the lived experience to achieve understanding of an experience from the perspective of the participant
lived experience
perspective of an individual who has experienced the phenomenon
case studies
description of single novel / event
constant comparison
method for inductively categorizing and comparing qualitative data for analysis
focused ethnography
less broad than traditional ethnography, examines specific problems within subcultures and among smaller groups of people
meta-ethnography
interpretive review of qualitative studies from literature search that is purposive rather than systematic
ethnoscience
method used in anthropology to discover knowledge
ethnonursing
systematic study and classification of nursing care / beliefs / values and practice
gatekeeper
person who hinders entry of researcher into a particular group or setting
emic
insider’s or participant’s perspective
etic
outsider’s perspective
strategic sampling
sampling in historical research to locate a small group of people who were either witnesses or participants in phenomenon being studied
key informants
individuals who have intimate knowledge of a subject and are willing to share it with the researcher
covert observation
when individuals are unaware they are being observed
interviews
conversations for collecting data, where questions are asked to elicit information
focus groups
strategy to obtain data from a small group of people using interview questions
storytelling
researchers and participants tell their stories about the phenomenon of interest
qualitative data analysis
production of knowledge that results from analysis of words
open coding
grouping of qualitative data into categories that seem logical
axial coding
analysis of categories and labels after completion of open coding
qualitative research synthesis
way to synthesize many qualitative research studies to draw broader themes
computer assisted qualitative data analysis software
computer software that assists in management, coding, grouping, analysis of data
representativeness
degree to which elements of samples are like elements in population
replicated
when another researcher has findings similar to previous study
realistic tales
real life account of culture being studied presented in a third party voice that separates researcher from participant
confessionist tales
researcher’s personal accounts that provide insight about data collection and scientific rigor
impressionist tales
researcher’s storytelling and person descriptions about experiences of conducting studies
personal narratives
way of conveying the meaning of experiences through storytelling
trustworthiness
quality, authenticity and truthfulness of findings
transferability
relates to whether findings from the study can be transferred to similar context
dependability
relates to consistency of findings overtime
confirmabiillty
relates to rigorous attempts to be objective and the maintenance of audit trials to document to research process
auditability
another researcher can clearly follow decisions made by the investigator
peer debriefing
researcher enlists the help of another person to discuss the data and findings
member checks
researcher goes back to participants and shares results with them to ensure findings reflect what they said
negative case analysis
involves the analysis of cases that do not fit patterns or categories
triangulation
use of different research methods in research to gather / compare data
reflexivity
using journal to record thoughts, ideas, and decisions during data gathering
reflexive thinking
involves self critique, self appraisal, constant awareness of bias throughout research
