Midterm Exam Flashcards
evidence based practice
practice based on best available evidence , patient preference , and clinical judgements
EBP components
- research based information
- clinical expertise
- patient preference
research
planned / systematic activity leading to new knowledge and / or discovery of solutions to problems
research difference
generates knowledge
-participants
-evaluates findings in light of research question
-research question
EBP difference
applies new knowledge into care
-patients
-change practice in clinical setting
-evaluate practice by measuring patient outcomes
quality improvement projects
normally specific to an organization
-continuous activity designed to systematically improve way care is delivered
adopting EBP….
slow process even when benefits and advantages of innovation are evident
barriers to change
- organizational
- individual
- research related
organizational barriers
lack resources to access evidence
resistant to change
individual barriers
lack value / knowledge about EBP and research
resistant to change
lack of skills to obtain evidence
research related factors
communication gap b/t clinician and researcher
writing associated with research reports
lack of telling research findings
overcoming barriers of EBP
-engage admin
-have culture safety
-engage stakeholders
-implement care bundles
-promote collaboration
-overcome barriers
-ensure nurses meet EBP competencies
change process
- collaboration
- action
- receptivity
- process
- translation
- improved health outcomes
research is not….
an absolute knowledge there is possibility of error
research process steps
- identify question
- conduct review of literature
- identify theoretical framework
- select research design
- implement study
- analyze data
- draw conclusions
- tell findings
descriptive research
no intervention , description of natural setting
explanatory research
explains relationships among variables
-between 2 things
predictive research
predicts difference with intervention
quantitative research
uses numbers , statistics , tables and graphs
qualitative research
non-numerical , get meaning from words
mixed method research
quantitative + qualitative
longitudinal research
data collected at multiple points overtime
cross sectional research
data is gathered once , cannot tell time difference , gives absolute results
induction
research used to generate a theory
goes particular –> general
-qualitative
deduction
generates ideas from theories –> observations
goes general –> particular
-quantitative
research article components
title
abstract
keywords
introduction
literature review
method
result
discussion
conclusion
reference
abstract
100-150 words , brief overview of the studykey
keywords
5-10 keywords that represent the article
introduction
background of research problem , purpose of study –> address the significance
literature review
previous recent studies , what is known about the problem?
method
study design
sample
measurement tools
process of data collection
analysis methods
result
findings from data analysis
discussion
interpretation of results , limitations
conclusion
summary of findings , suggestions , implication
references
sited articles
research question
comes from …
-personal clinical experience
-professional literature
-current nursing theories
-national initiatives
formulating research question
- who, what, when, why, where, how
- population
- setting
- problem
- intervention
- method
a research question must….
be specific and measurable
study hypotheses
formal statements about expected or predicted relationships b/t two or more variables
associative hypothesis
relation / association / correlation
can be directional
-negative and positive
causal hypothesis
affecting one thing (IV) to another (DV)
-eating excess WILL make you gain more weight
simple hypothesis
two variables
-lung cancer and smoking
complex hypothesis
three or more variables
-obesity is associated with food, exercise, environment
null hypothesis
there is NO relationship between variables
research hypothesis
relationship EXISTS between variables
independent variable
influences the DV
dependent variable
influenced by the IV
confounding variable
interfere with the relationship b/t IV and DV
population
refers to all members of a group of interest , whom you intend to generalize results of study
accessible population
part of the population you can access
sample
part of the accessible population that you will actually investigate
sampling frame
list of all possible elements in accessible population
sample must represent….
the population to maximize generalizability
probability sampling
simple random sample
stratified sample
systemic sample
cluster sample
simple random sampling
randomly selecting elements from accessible population
systematic sample
method in which every 5th / 6th / etc. person is chosen
-starting point on the list is randomly selected
stratified sample
selecting participants from accessible population that has been divided into groups
-gender , income etc.
cluster sample
random sampling of groups
non-probability sampling
snowball sampling
judgement sample
quota sample
convenience sample
snowball sampling
recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referral from other participants
judgement sampling
used in qualitative research
-picking participants for a reason
quota sample
nonprobability sampling involving selection of participants from accessible population
-you pick people
convenience sampling
nonprobability sampling in which participants are selected because they are easy to access
research recruitment
process of contacting / enrolling participants in a study
-screen participants
-advertisement, flyers, letter, email
-participants represent population
-maximize retention
-check why individuals choose / to not choose to participate
qualitative data
extensive collection , takes months to years
qualitative research is gathered until this occurs
DATA SATURATION
qualitative data occurs…
in natural settings
qualitative data key instrument
THE RESEARCHER
qualitative data methods
interviews
observation
documents
qualitative interviews
structured = stick to script
semi-structured = could ask follow up questions not on script
pseudoname
change name in qualitative data to remain anonymous
focused group interview
need at least 5 people
purposive sampling
pick individuals who have expertise in event or experience you are studying
-NO RANDOM SAMPLING
-also called convenience sampling
phenomenology
focuses on lived experiences and serves to achieve understanding from perspective of pts
grounded theory
develop a theory grounded in the field , studies a process / action / interaction
-no set sample size
ethnographic research
involves studying groups and making collective observations
which method is good for studying cultures
ethnographic research!!
-put yourself into that culture
historical research
based on documentation of sources that re used to examine people or events
research by aims
descriptive research
explanatory research
predictive research
research by method
quantitative research
qualitative research
mixed-method research
research by time
longitudinal research
cross sectional research
qualitative data collection
interviews
observation
documents
qualitative documents
journals kept by researchers
meeting minutes
chart reviews
field notes
qualitative data preparation
recorded and transcribed
qualitative data analysis
become familiar with the data!!!
-look for patterns
-code data into themes
-interpret data
qualitative evaluation
-prolonged engagement and persistent observation
-triangulation
-peer debriefing
-member checking
-negative case analysis
-reflexivity
qualitative triangluation
combines 3 things and if they align
- patient observation
- online survey result
- depth reviews
qualitative validation
MOST important thing in qualitative research is to establish trustworthiness
qualitative ethical issues
-do not pressure pt. into signing up
-respect indigenous societies
-respect site
-avoid deceiving participants
-do not “use” participants
control
ability to manipulate / regulate / statistically adjust factors that affect the DV
manipulation
treatment / implementation or IV in a study to determine effects on DV
bias
influence that distorts results of study
-happens with no confounding variable
random sampling
each person in population has equal chance of being selected
ransom assignment
equal chance of being assigned to control or treatment group
randomization
used in true experimental design, eliminates threat of internal validity
single blind
participants do not know which study group they are in
double blind
blinding both experimenters (assistants) and participants
quantitative experimental research
true experimental research
quasi-experimental research
quantitative non-experimental research
observational
correlational / descriptive
experimental design components
manipulation
control
randomization
**examines difference between treated and untreated (control) subjects
experimental design strength
powerful for examining cause and effect
provides level II evidence
experimental design weakness
complicated and expensive to conduct
impractical for certain settings r/t ethics
quasi experimental design
manipulation of IV
no randomization or control
less expensive , generalizable
provide level III evidence
nonexperimental design
IV is not manipulated
subjects not randomized
no control
no cause and effect claims
longitudinal design
used to gather data about subjects at more than one point in time
cross sectional design
collects data about the IV and DV at the same time
-all data collected on the same day
data collection plan
- set timeline
- determine collection method
- develop data management
data analysis process
- prepare data and enter into computer program
- clean data file
- run descriptive stats
- run inferential stats to test hypothesis
nominal measurement
different in name only CANNOT rank in order
ex :
gender
race
eye color
ordinal measurement
CAN be ranked / ordered but still in categories
ex:
Freshman / Sophomore / Junior / Senior
Disagree / Neutral / Agree
interval measurement
fixed unit of measurement WITHOUT meaningful zero
degree
ratio measurement
fixed unit of measurement WITH meaningful zero
dollars
age
years of education
categorical measurement
nominal and ordinal
continuous measurement
interval and ratio
descriptive statistics
explain characteristics of variables
mean, median, mode, SD, range, percentage
inferential statistics
make inferences / prediction about population based on sample
purpose of inferential statistics
test hypotheses
make decisions about whether findings can be applied to population
null hypothesis
opposite of what youre testing
alternative hypothesis
the claim / expected results youre testing
alpha
MUST be identified before running statistics
-significance level
p value
probability value
-under assumption that null hypothesis is correct
p value > 0.5
do NOT reject the NULL
p value < 0.5
REJECT THE NULL
clinical use of stats
analyzing research collected
reading / critiquing published research
examine outcomes of nursing practice
evaluation
examination of administrative data
demonstrate problem / need
PICO
patient population
intervention of interest
comparison of interest
outcome of interest
time
PICO intervention type
in (population) how does (intervention) compared to (comparison) affect (outcome) with (time frame) ?
PICO issue type
in (population) how do best practices (intervention) compared to current practice (comparison) affect (outcome) within (time frame)
PICO diagnosis type
in (population) is (intervention) compared with (comparison) more accurate in diagnosing (outcome)
PICO etiology type
are (population) who have (intervention) compared with those without (comparison) at risk for (outcome) over (time frame)
PICO meaning type
how do (population) with (intervention) perceive (outcome) during (time frame)
PICO prognosis type
in (population) how does (intervention) compared to (comparison) influence (outcome) over (time frame)
data saturation
in qualitative research the time when no new information is being obtained and repetition of information is consistently heard
trustworthiness criteria
credibility
transferability
dependability
confirmability
credibility
refers to truth of findings
transferability
relates to whether findings from one study transfer to a similar context
dependability
related to consistency in findings overtime
confirmability
related to rigorous attempts to be objective and maintenance of audit trails to document research process
knowledge translation
mutually collaborative process including synthesis, dissemination, exchange, and ethically sound application of knowledge to improve pt outcomes
