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EBP > EBP final > Flashcards

EBP final Flashcards

1
Q

evidence based practice

A

practice using best available evidence, patient preference and clinical judgement

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2
Q

EBP components

A
  1. research based information
  2. clinical expertise
  3. patient preference
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3
Q

EBP barriers

A
  1. individual
  2. organizational
  3. research related
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4
Q

individual EBP barriers

A

resistant to change
lack value / knowledge of EBP
lack of skills to obtain evidence

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5
Q

organizational EBP barriers

A

resistant to change
lack resources to access evidence

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6
Q

research related EBP barriers

A

communication gap b/t researcher and clinician
writing associated with reports
lack of telling research findings

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7
Q

research

A

systematic study that leads to new knowledge / solutions to problems or questions

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8
Q

quality improvement project

A

structured continuous activity designed to improve how care is delivered to pts

-change at systematic level

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9
Q

research difference

A

-generates new knowledge
-research question
-participants
-describe phenomenon, find relationship, test intervention
-evaluates findings in light of research question

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10
Q

EBP difference

A

-applies new knowledge to care
-based on literature evidence
-clinical question
-patients
-change practice in clinical setting
-evaluates change based on pt outcomes

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11
Q

impetus for change

A
  1. new knowledge
  2. safety concern
  3. healthcare outcomes
  4. healthcare cost
  5. societal need for professional nursing
  6. conferring with others
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12
Q

overcoming change barriers

A
  1. engage stakeholders
  2. engage admin
  3. culture of safety
  4. care bundles
  5. interprofessional collaboration
  6. overcome research barriers
  7. ensure nurses meet EBP competencies
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13
Q

knowledge translation

A

collaborative process that includes
-synthesis
-dissemination
-exchange
-ethically sound application of knowledge

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14
Q

change process attributes

A
  1. collaboration
  2. action
  3. receptivity
  4. process
  5. translation
  6. improved health outcomes
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15
Q

hierarchy of evidence

A

seven level scale used to rate strength of evidence

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16
Q

level I

A

highest quality of evidence

-summarizes more than one study
-synopses
-meta-analysis
-systematic reviews
-clinical practice guidelines

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17
Q

level II

A

randomized control trials

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18
Q

level III

A

quasi-experimental designs

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19
Q

level IV

A

no manipulation of IV

-correlational design
-cohort study
-case control study
-quantitive findings from mixed method

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20
Q

level V

A

consists of synthesis

-integrative reviews
-metasynthesis

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21
Q

level VI

A

descriptive research

-descriptive survey design
-qualitative findings from mixed method
-single qualitative studies
-EBP projects
-quality improvement projects
-case studies
-concept analysis

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22
Q

level VII

A

evidence from authority opinions, reports of expert committees, manufacturer’s recommendation

-narrative reviews

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23
Q

meta-analysis

A

estimates effect of intervention by using statistical methods to analyze data from published and unpublished studies

**study about studies!!

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24
Q

systematic review

A

systematic synthesis of research findings from experimental and quasi-experimental studies on a clinical problem

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25
Q

quasi-experimental

A

has manipulation of the IV but lacks randomization of experimental and control groups

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26
Q

mixed method design

A

combines quantitative and qualitative data

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27
Q

correlational design

A

nonexperimental design used to study relationships b/t two or more variables

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28
Q

cohort study

A

participants are selected based on their exposure to a particular factor

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29
Q

case control

A

participants are grouped on presence / absence of particular disease

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30
Q

integrative review

A

scholarly papers that include published nonexperimental studies to answer clinical question

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31
Q

metasynthesis

A

systematic review of qualitative studies

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32
Q

narrative review

A

papers based on common / uncommon elements of work without concern for research methods, design, or setting

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33
Q

research types by aims

A

descriptive
explanatory
predictive

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34
Q

descriptive research

A

no intervention, description of natural setting

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35
Q

explanatory research

A

explains relationships among variables

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36
Q

predictive research

A

predicts differences with intervention

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37
Q

research types by method

A

qualitative
quantitative
mixed method

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38
Q

qualitative research

A

non-numerical, gets meaning from words

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39
Q

quantitative research

A

uses statistics, presented in graphs / tables

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40
Q

mixed method research

A

combines quantitative + qualitative

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41
Q

research types by time

A

longitudinal
cross sectional

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42
Q

longitudinal research

A

data is collected at multiple points

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43
Q

cross sectional research

A

data is gathered once / period of days

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44
Q

inductive reasoning

A

moves from particular to general

ex: daisy is a swan and white, danny is a swan and white, dante is a swan and white —–> all swans are white

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45
Q

deductive reasoning

A

moves from general to particular

ex: all swans are white –> daisy is a swan —-> daisy is white

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46
Q

research article

A
  1. title
  2. abstract
  3. keywords
  4. introduction
  5. literature review
  6. method
  7. result
  8. discussion
  9. conclusion
  10. references
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47
Q

abstract

A

100-150 words , brief overview of study

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48
Q

keywords

A

5-10 keywords that represent the article

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49
Q

introduction

A

background of research problem
purpose of study - address significance of study

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50
Q

literature review

A

previous recent studies - what is known about the problem

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51
Q

method

A

study design
sample
measurement / tool
process of data collection
analysis method

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52
Q

results

A

findings from data analysis

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53
Q

discussion

A

interpretation of results, any limitations

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54
Q

conclusion

A

summary of findings, suggestions, implications

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55
Q

in APA citation what is italicized….

A

name of periodical
volume #

***do not italicize the issue number

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56
Q

research question

A

comes from…
1. personal clinical experience
2. professional literature / previous evidence
3. current nursing theories
4. national initiatives

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57
Q

research question W5H1

A
  1. who
  2. what
  3. when
  4. where
  6. how
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58
Q

formulating a research question

A

-population
-setting
-problem
-intervention / solution
-method

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59
Q

hypotheses

A

formal statement about expected / predicted relationships b/t two or more variables

**must be testable and measurable

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60
Q

associative relationship

A

type of relationship where one variable changes the other one does as well

**can be positive or negative

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61
Q

causal relationship

A

when one variable determines the presence / change in another

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62
Q

simple hypothesis

A

describes relationship b/t only TWO variables

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63
Q

complex hypothesis

A

describes relationship b/t THREE or more variables

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64
Q

null hypothesis

A

no relationship between variables exists

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65
Q

research hypothesis (alternative)

A

there is a existing relationship between variables

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66
Q

variables

A

can be measured
-directly : BP, WBC count, RR
-indirectly : questionnaires or scales

67
Q

independent variable

A

influences the DV

68
Q

dependent variable

A

is influenced by the IV

69
Q

confounding variable

A

interferes with the relationship between the IV and DV

70
Q

population

A

refers to all members of a group of interest whom you intend to generalize the results of your study

71
Q

accessible population

A

part of population you can access

72
Q

sample

A

part of population that you will investigate

73
Q

sampling frame

A

list of all possible elements in the accessible population

74
Q

sample must represent…

A

the population to maximize generalizability and reliability

75
Q

probability sampling methods

A
  1. simple random
  2. systematic sample
  3. stratified sample
  4. cluster sample
76
Q

simple random sampling

A

randomly selecting elements from accessible population

77
Q

probability sampling

A

occurs when elements in accessible population have equal chance of being selected for the study

78
Q

stratified random sampling

A

selecting elements from accessible population that has been divided into groups (strata)

79
Q

cluster sampling

A

selecting elements from larger to smaller subsets of accessible population

80
Q

systematic random sampling

A

every “kth” element is selected from a numbered list of accessible population , starting point on list is randomly selected

81
Q

nonprobability sampling methods

A
  1. convenience sampling
  2. quota sampling
  3. snowball sampling
  4. purposive sampling
82
Q

convenience sampling

A

elements are selected because they are easy to access

83
Q

nonprobability sampling

A

does not require random selection of elements

84
Q

quota sampling

A

selection of elements from accessible population that has been divided into groups

85
Q

purposive sampling

A

used in qualitative studies to select distinct group of people who have lived the experience or expertise in what is being studied

86
Q

snowball sampling

A

recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants

87
Q

recruitment

A

process of contacting / enrolling participants in a study

88
Q

recruitment process

A

-must screen participants based on inclusion / exclusion criteria
-methods such as flyers, ads, emails, letters
-participants must represent population
-maximize retention
-check why some individuals did not participate

89
Q

research process steps

A
  1. identify question
  2. conduct literature review
  3. identify theoretical framework
  4. select research design
  5. implement study
  6. analyze data
  7. draw conclusion
  8. tell findings
90
Q

level I-IV studies

A

quantitative studies

91
Q

level V-VII

A

qualitative / descriptive studies

92
Q

level I and V

A

synthesis (secondary) study

93
Q

level II, III, IV, VII

A

individual (primary) study

94
Q

effective searching

A

-database : NO sentences
-major concepts : keywords / PICO
-synonyms
-subject headings
-limits

95
Q

qualitative research characteristics

A
  1. extensive data collection : months - years
  2. occurs in natural setting
  3. researcher is key instrument
  4. data obtained via multiple methods
  5. emergent design
  6. holistic account
96
Q

qualitative data collection

A

-interviews
-observation
-documents

97
Q

purposive sampling

A

method to recruit specific persons who could provide inside information

**qualitative data

98
Q

phenomenology

A

qualitative research describing lived experiences to achieve understanding from participants perspective

99
Q

grounded theory

A

develop a theory grounded from data in the field
-studies a process, interaction, action involving many individuals
-no set sample size

100
Q

ethnographic research

A

describes a culture, study groups (immersing yourself into culture)

101
Q

historical research

A

based on documentation of sources, used to examine events / people to understand the past

102
Q

qualitative interviews

A

structured vs. semistructured

103
Q

structured interview

A

going in with a script and cannot go off of it

104
Q

semi-structured interview

A

going in with a plan but can branch off and ask your own questions

105
Q

qualitative research ethics

A

-do not pressure participants
-respect cultures
-respect sites
-do not “use” participants

106
Q

qualitative evaluation

A

-prolonged engagement / persistant observation
-triangulation
-peer debriefing
-member checking
-negative case analysis
-reflexivity

107
Q

control

A

ability to manipulate / regulate / statistically adjust for factors that can affect dependent variable

108
Q

manipulation

A

treatment / implementation / IV in a study to determine effect on DV

109
Q

bias

A

influence that distorts the results of the study

110
Q

random assignment

A

equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment or control group

111
Q

single blinding

A

participants do not know which study group they are in

112
Q

double blind

A

blinding both experimenter and participants

113
Q

experimental (true) research

A

designs involving random assignment to groups and manipulation of the IV

114
Q

correlational research

A

non-experimental research that is used to study relationships between two variables

115
Q

experimental design includes…

A
  1. manipulation
  2. control
  3. randomization
116
Q

experimental design strength

A

gives level II evidence
good in examining cause and effect relationship

117
Q

nonexperimental design

A

IV is not manipulated
subjects not random
no control group
no cause and effect claims

118
Q

nonexperimental design use…

A

describing
explaining
predicting

119
Q

data collection plan

A
  1. set timeline
  2. determine collection method
  3. develop data management plan
120
Q

data analysis process

A
  1. prepare data and enter into computer
  2. clean data file
  3. run descriptive stats
  4. run inferential stats
121
Q

categorical measurement

A

nominal and ordinal

122
Q

nominal

A

different in name only, CANNOT rank or order

**weakest kind of measurement

123
Q

ordinal

A

can be ranked or ordered, still in categories

124
Q

continuous measurement

A

interval and ratio

125
Q

interval

A

fixed unit of measurement WITHOUT meaningful zero

126
Q

ratio

A

fixed unit of measurement WITH meaningful zero

ex: money , age

127
Q

descriptive statistics

A

numbers that summarize data, does not generalize beyond data

-mean, median, mode, percentage, standard deviation, range

128
Q

inferential statistics

A

make predictions about a population based on sample

129
Q

chi-squared test

A

nominal and ordinal data

130
Q

t-test

A

compares the mean of the two groups

131
Q

analysis of variance

A

used for more than 3 groups

132
Q

pearson’s r test

A

two variables of interval or ratio data

133
Q

multiple regression

A

many IVs to only one DV

134
Q

alpha

A

significance level
MUST be identified before running stats

0.05 = 5%

135
Q

P-value

A

probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as results actually observed

136
Q

p < 0.05

A

statistically significant , REJECT THE NULL

137
Q

p > 0.05

A

statistically not significant , do not reject the null

138
Q

PICOT

A

-patient population
-intervention of interest
-comparison of interest
-outcome of interest
-time

139
Q

study validity

A

measure of truth / accuracy of a claim
-ability to accept result as logical, reasonable, justifiable

140
Q

internal validity

A

degree to which one can conclude that the IV produced changes in the DV

141
Q

internal validity threat

A

-selection bias
-history effect
-maturation
-mortality
-testing effect
-instrumentation

142
Q

history effect

A

effects of unexpected events that take place concurrently of IV

143
Q

instrumentation

A

inaccurate data collection / changes in methods of measurement / collector b/t two data points

144
Q

construct validity

A

if selection or measurement measures concept accurately

145
Q

construct validity threats

A

-bias
-confounding variable
-reactivity
-experimenter expectancies

146
Q

reactivity (hawthorne effect)

A

participants change their behavior or performance in response to what is being observed

147
Q

statistical conclusion validity

A

degree to which results of statistical analysis reflect true relationship among IV and DV

148
Q

type 1 errors

A

rejecting a true null hypothesis

149
Q

type 2 errors

A

accepting a false null hypothesis

150
Q

external validity

A

degree to which results of the study can be generalized to other participants, settings, times

151
Q

external validity threats

A

-selection effects
-interactions

152
Q

selection effects

A

sample does not represent population

153
Q

reliability

A

consistency of a research study or measuring test

154
Q

study appraisal

A

studies will have flaws / limitations
-evidence is powerful and effective , need to consider feasibility based on policy / pt preference / ethical issues

155
Q

belmont report

A
  1. respect for persons
  2. beneficence
  3. justice
156
Q

respect for persons

A

individuals should be treated as anonymous
-recognition that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection

157
Q

beneficence

A

do no harm
-maximize possible benefits and minimize harm

158
Q

justice

A

equity or fairness in distribution of burdens and benefits

159
Q

full review

A

necessary when vulnerable populations are involved or when risks are not minimal

160
Q

expedited review

A

option when there is minimal risk to human subjects

161
Q

minimal risk

A

probability and magnitude of discomfort are not greater than those of encountered in daily life during performance of routine physical / testing

162
Q

synthesis

A

written paper including discussion from several sources

-shows connection, patterns, themes from a source that have relationship to one another

163
Q

writing a synthesis

A
  1. start with summarizing info from the sources
  2. think of similarities and differences
  3. compare and contrast their ideas giving credit to their own ideas and your own

EBP (6 decks)

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