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175.203 Introduction to Psychological Research > Week 4: Psychological Measurement > Flashcards

Week 4: Psychological Measurement Flashcards

1
Q

Assignment of scores to individuals so that the scores represent some characteristics of individuals:

A

Measurement

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2
Q

What is a psychological measurement called?

A

Psychometrics

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3
Q

Psychological variable that represents an individual’s mental state of experience, often not directly observable:

A

Psychological Construct

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4
Q

What are personality traits, emotional states, attitudes and abilities?

A

Psychological constructs

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5
Q

Why are psychological constructs not observable?

A
  • Represent general tendencies, not true 100% of the time.

- Often involve internal process which are unseen

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6
Q

What are the big five personality dimensions? OCEAN

A
  1. Openness to experience
  2. Conscientiousness
  3. Extraversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Neuroticism
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7
Q

Describes behaviours and internal processes that make up a psychological construct, along with how it relates to other variables:

A

Conceptual definition

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8
Q

Are conceptual definitions concrete?

A

No. They are proposed, tested empirically and revised as necessary by researchers

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9
Q

Definition of a variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured:

A

Operational definition

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10
Q

What are the three categories of operational definition?

A
  1. Self report
  2. Behavioural measures
  3. Physiological measures (eg. heart rate)
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11
Q

Can constructs have multiple operational definitions?

A

Yes

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12
Q

When psychologists use multiple operational definitions of the same construct - either within a study or across studies:

A

Converging operations

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13
Q

When converging operational definitions produce same pattern of results:

A

Good evidence the construct is being measured effectively and is useful

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14
Q

What are the four levels of measurement?

A
  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Internal
  • Ration
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15
Q

Measurement level for categorical variables with no order and assigning scores to a category:

A

Nominal level

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16
Q

Measurement level for lowest level of measurement:

A

Nominal level

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17
Q

What kind of measurement level is martial status?

A

Nominal level

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18
Q

Measurement level that assigns scores in rank order:

A

Ordinal level

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19
Q

Measurement level that is ordered:

A

Ordinal level

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20
Q

What is the issue with ordinal level of measurement?

A

Difference between scores not necessarily equal

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21
Q

Rankings of runners as first, second third etc is what kind of measurement level?

A

Ordinal level

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22
Q

Measurement level where scores on the numerical scale are even throughout but has no zero point:

A

Interval level

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23
Q

IQ test scores and Fahrenheit are what kind of measurement level?

A

Interval level

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24
Q

Measurement level which has a zero point on a numerical scale:

A

Ratio level

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25
Q

Measurement level which covers height or weight?

A

Ratio level

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26
Q

What refers to the consistency of a measure?

A

Reliability

27
Q

What are the three types of consistency?

A
  • Overtime (test-retest reliability)
  • Across items (internal consistency)
  • Across different researchers (inter-rater reliability)
28
Q

What measure of consistency goes over time?

A

Test-retest reliability

29
Q

What kind of consistency goes across items?

A

Internal consistency

30
Q

What kind of consistency goes across different researchers?

A

Inter-rater reliability

31
Q

When the scores are consistent across time, the construct has:

A

Test-retest reliability

32
Q

What test-retest correlation score indicates good reliability?

A

+.80 or more

33
Q

Trest-retrest reliability is measured using:

A

Correlation between two scores sets

34
Q

Internal consistency is measured using:

A
  • Split-half correlation

- Cronbach’s alpha

35
Q

Consistency of people’s responses across the items on a multi-item measure:

A

Internal consistency

36
Q

Splitting test items into two and examining the relationship between two sets of scores in order to assess the internal consistency of a measure :

A

Split-half correlation

37
Q

What split-half correlation score indicates good internal consistency?

A

+.80 or more

38
Q

The later developed statistic that measures the internal consistency among items in a measure:

A

Cronbach’s alpha

39
Q

Mean of all possible split-half correlations for a set of items:

A

Cronbach’s alpha

40
Q

What Cronbach’s alpha value indicates good internal consistency?

A

+.80 or more

41
Q

Extent to which different observers are consistent in their judgements:

A

Interrater reliability

42
Q

How is interrater reliability accessed?

A
  • Cronbach’s alpha for quantitative

- Cohen’s K for categorical

43
Q

The extent to which the scores from a measure represent the variable the way they are intended to:

A

Validity

44
Q

A measure can be _________ but have no ________

A

A measure can be reliable but have no validity

45
Q

What are the three types of validity:

A
  • Face validity
  • Content validity
  • Criterion validity
46
Q

Extent to which a measurement method appears superficially to measure the construct of interest?

A

Face validity

47
Q

What is the weakest evidence of validity?

A

Face validity

48
Q

Extent to which a measure covers the construct of interest:

A

Content validity

49
Q

Is content validity assessed quantitatively?

A

No

50
Q

Assed by checking the measurement method against the conceptual definition of the construct:

A

Content validity

51
Q

Extent to which people’s scores on a measure are correlated with other variables (criterion) that one would expect them to be correlated with:

A

Criterion validity

52
Q

Scores on a measure of text anxiety should be negatively correlated with performance in school tests:

A

Criterion validity

53
Q

A variable that theoretically should be correlated with the construct being measured:

A

Criterion

54
Q

Form of criterion validity where the criterion is measured at the same time as the construct:

A

Concurrent validity

55
Q

Form of validity where the criterion is measured at some point in the future after the construct has been measured:

A

Predictive validity

56
Q

Form of validity whereby new measures are correlated with existing established measures of the same construct:

A

Convergent validity

57
Q

Extent to which scores on a measure of a construct are not correlated with a measure of other conceptually distinct constructs, and thus discriminate between them:

A

Discriminant validity

58
Q

People’s scores on a measure of self-esteem should not be very highly correlated with their mood:

A

Discriminant validity

59
Q

What is the four-step measurement process?

A
  1. Conceptually define the construct
  2. Operationally define the construct
  3. Implement the measure
  4. Evaluate the measure
60
Q

What are the two ways a construct can be operationally defined?

A
  1. Use existing measure:

2. Create own measure: only if no existing measure exists

61
Q

Participants responding in a way that is appropriate but not true when taking the test:

A

Socially desirable responding

62
Q

Subtle cues that reveal how the researcher expects participants to respond to measure:

A

Demand characteristics

63
Q

How to minimise false answers on a measure:

A
  • Make procedure clear and brief
  • Guaranteed anonymity
  • Have a blind helper administer test
  • Standardise all interactions

175.203 Introduction to Psychological Research (6 decks)

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