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175.203 Introduction to Psychological Research > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A research that lacks the manipulation of an independent variable

A

Non-experimental research

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2
Q

Non-experimental research features:

A
  1. Researchers measure variables as they naturally occur

2. Cannot make casual conclusions

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3
Q

If goal is to explain and research is for casual relationship use…

A

experimental approach

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4
Q

If goal is to describe or predict then use…

A

non-experimental approach

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5
Q

Types of Non-Experimental Research

A
  • Correlational research
  • Observational Research :
    e. g cross sectional studies, longitudinal studies, cross-sequential studies
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6
Q

Non experimental because it focuses on the statistical relationship between two variables, but does not include the manipulation of an IV. Most common type of non-experimental research

A

Correlational Research

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7
Q

Non-experimental because it focuses on recording systemic observations of behaviour in a natural or laboratory setting without manipulating anything ( usually more qualitative in nature)

A

Observational Research

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8
Q

Studies that include comparing two or more pre-exisitng groups of people (eg. kids of different stages)

A

Cross-sectional studies

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9
Q

Difference between groups may reflect the generation that people come from rather than a direct effect of age

A

Cohort effect

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10
Q

Studies in which one group of people are followed over time as they age

A

Longitudinal studies

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11
Q

Studies in which researchers follow people in different age groups in a smaller period of time

A

Cross-sequential studies

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12
Q

Internal validity ordering

A

Correlational - Quasi-experimental - Experimental (highest)

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13
Q

Why is correlational research used?

A
  1. Do. not believe a statistical relationship is causal/not interested in causal relationships
  2. Cannot manipulate IV (impossible, impractical, unethical)
  3. Establish reliability and validity of measurements
  4. Want high external validity to reflect a relationship that exists in the real world.
  5. Provide converging evidence for a theory
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14
Q

Pearson’s r correlation coefficient

A

A statistic that measures the strength of a correlation between quantitative variables.
- most correlations in psychology research are small or moderate in size (except reliability coefficients)

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15
Q

Why is Pearson’s r misleading?

A
  1. Relationship is non-linear
  2. Restriction of range = one of both variables have a limited range in the sample relative to the population, making the value of the correlation coefficient misleading
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16
Q

Correlation does not imply causation. Why?

A
  1. Directionality problem

2. Third variable problem

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17
Q

Directionality problem

A

Where two variables X and Y are statistically related either cause X causes Y or because Y causes X, and thus the causal direction of the effect cannot be known

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18
Q

Third variable problem

A

Two variables, X and Y, can be statistically related not because X causes Y or because Y causes X, but because some third variable Z causes both X and Y

19
Q

Spurrous correlations

A

Correlations that are not a result of the two variables being measured, but rather because of a third unmeasured variable that affects both the measured variables.

20
Q

Qualitative Research Design

A
  • In depth info about relatively few people
  • Conclusions based on interpretations drawn by the investigator
  • Global and exploratory
21
Q

Quantitative Research Design

A
  • Less depth information with larger sample
  • Conclusions are based on statistical analyses
  • Specific and focused
  • Not good at generating novel and interesting research questions
  • Not good at describing lived experience of member of group in specific situation
22
Q

Qualitative research data collection

A
  • Observations
  • Archival data
  • Artwork
  • Interviews (structured or unstructured)
  • Focus groups
23
Q

Data analysis method main way of distinguishing quantitative and qualitative research

A

Grounded theory = researchers start with the data and develop a theory or an interpretation that is ‘grounded in’ these data. Developed from sociology in 1960

24
Q

Process of grounded theory

A
  • Identify ideas repeated throughout data
  • organise ideas into smaller number of broader themes
  • write a theoretical narrative (interpretation of the data in terms of the themes a researcher has identified)
25
Q

Criticism of Qualitative Research

A
  • Lacks objectivity
  • Difficult to evaluate reliability and validity
  • Doesn’t allow generalisation to anyone other than those studied
26
Q

Criticism of Quantitative Research

A
  • Overlooks the richness of human behaviour/experience
  • Only answers simple questions about easily quantifiable variables
  • Oversimplification
27
Q

Mixed methods research

A

Combines quantitative and qualitative approaches (e.g. use qualitative for hypothesis generation and quantitative for hypothesis testing)

28
Q

Triangulation

A

Use both qualitative and quantitative at the same time to study same questions and compare the results

29
Q

Observational research

A

Goal is provide a snapshot of specific characteristics of. a group/individual/setting.

  • Often qualitative
30
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing peoples behaviour in the environment in which it typically occurs
- type of field research

31
Q

Disguised Naturalistic Observation

A
  • researchers being as unobtrusive as possible so that participants are not aware they’re being studied
  • ethically ok if participants remain anonymous and it is in a public setting where no privacy is expected
  • high validity
32
Q

Undisguised Naturalistic Observation

A
  • Participants made aware of the researcher’s presence and monitoring of their behaviour
  • Concern of reactivity
33
Q

Reactivity

A

When a measure changes the participant’s behaviour

34
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

When participants know they’re being observed they may act differently

35
Q

Participant Observation

A

Researchers become active participants in the group or situation they are studying
- there may be important information only accessible to or able to be interpreted by an active group particpant

36
Q

Disguised Participant Observation

A

Researcher pretends to be a member of the social group they are observing and conceal their true identity as researchers

37
Q

Undisguised Participant Observation

A

Researchers become a part of the group they are studying and disclose their true identity as researchers to the group under investigation
- Participation may influence social dynamic of the group

38
Q

Disguised Observation Issues

A
  • No consent can be obtained
  • Deception being used
  • Biases may arise
  • Sometimes is the only way to access private group and may be less reactivity prone
39
Q

Structured Observation

A
  • Researcher makes careful observations of one or more specific behaviours in a particular setting that is more structured than settings used in naturalistic or participant observation
  • Often done in laboratory environment, is more efficent, can exert greater control ( may decrease external validity), reactivity issyes
  • Interested in limited set of behaviours, collecting quanitative data
40
Q

Coding

A

A part of Structured Observation whereby the observers use a clearly defined set of guidelines to ‘code’ behaviours - assigning specific behaviours they are observing to a category and count the number or times or the duration that the behaviour occurs
- Issues with interrater reliability

41
Q

Coding Interrater Reliability issue

A

With different raters coding the same behaviour… if in agreement then the measure of coding has good interrater reliability

42
Q

Case Study

A
  • An indepth examination of an individual
  • Often longitudinal and qualitative
  • Used for rare conditions where difficult to get sample
  • Should NEVER be used as evidence for theories
43
Q

Case Study Issues

A
  • Suffer from internal and external validity issues

- Biases may exist

44
Q

Archival Research

A
  • Analysis archival data that has already been collected for some other purpose
  • (Content Analysis = a family of systematic approaches to measurement using qualitative methods to analyse complex archival data)

175.203 Introduction to Psychological Research (6 decks)

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