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175.203 Introduction to Psychological Research > Week 3: Research Ethics > Flashcards

Week 3: Research Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What is ethics?

A

Set of principles and practices that provide moral guidance in a particular field

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2
Q

What are the four moral principles of research ethics?

A
  1. Risk vs Benefits
  2. Acting responsibly and with integrity
  3. Seeking justice
  4. Respecting people’s right and dignity
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3
Q

Who is affected by psychological research and must be considered?

A
  1. Research participants
  2. Scientific community
  3. Society
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4
Q

What are the personal risks of psychological research?

A
  • treatment may fail or harm
  • procedure may result in harm
  • right to privacy may be violated
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5
Q

What are the personal benefits of psychological research?

A
  • receive helpful treatment
  • learn about psychology
  • money or credit for participating
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6
Q

How to determine if research is ethical in regards to risk and benefits?

A

Only ethical if risks are outweighed by benefits

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7
Q

What are the scientific risks of psychological research?

A
  • Bad research taking resources from productive research

- Results misinterpreted with harmful consequences

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8
Q

What are the scientific benefits of psychological research?

A
  • Advance scientific knowledge

- Contribute to the welfare of society

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9
Q

What is the most common risk/benefit scenario in psychological research?

A

Personal risk with scientific benefit

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10
Q

What does the moral principle of acting with responsibility and integrity entail?

A
  • Research if thorough and competent
  • Meet professional obligations
  • Be truthful
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11
Q

What does the moral principle of seeking justice entail?

A

Treat participants fairly

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12
Q

What does the moral principle of respecting people’s rights and dignity entail?

A
  • Respect autonomy
  • Use informed consent (obtain and document)
  • Respect privacy
  • Maintain confidentiality (ideally anonymity)
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13
Q

Why is there unavoidable ethical conflict in psychological research?

A
  1. There will always be a conflict between risks and benefits
  2. Being completely truthful to participants can make scientifically valid studies difficult
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14
Q

How do you deal with unavoidable ethical conflict in a responsible and constructive way?

A
  • thoroughly think through the issues
  • minimise risks
  • weigh risks against benefits
  • be able to explain ethical decisions to others
  • get feedback on ethical decisions
  • take responsibility for ethical decisions
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15
Q

Nuremberg Code

A
  • set of 10 ethical principles for research

- written in 1947 in conjection with Nuremberg trials

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16
Q

Declaration of Helsinki

A
  • created by World Medical Council 1964

- required written protocol for human research participants

17
Q

Belmont Report

A
  • guidelines from 1978, developed in response to Tuskegee study
  • has three principles (justice, respect for persons, beneficence)
18
Q

What are the three principles of the Belmont Report?

A
  • Justice: distribute risk and benefits fairly across groups at society level
  • Respect for persons : need for informed consent
  • Beneficence: maximise benefits of research while minimising harm to participants and society
19
Q

What are the three types of research risk levels?

A
  • Exempt research
  • Expedited research
  • Greater than minimal risk research
20
Q

What is the principle of informed consent?

A
  • obtaining and documenting people’s agreement to participate in the study
  • Must inform them of everything that might be reasonably expected to affect their decision
  • Do form but also oral
21
Q

When is informed consent not required?

A
  • No harm
  • Conducted in the context of people’s ordinary lives

(e.g. counting how many people hold open the door in a public building)

22
Q

What counts as deception in psychological research?

A
  • misinforming participants about the purpose of a study
  • using confederates
  • using phony equipment
  • presenting participants with false performance feedback
23
Q

When does ethics allow for deception?

A
  • befits to study outweigh risks
  • participants reasonably expected to be unharmed
  • research question cannot be answered without deception
  • participants informed of deception asap
24
Q

What is the principle of debriefing?

A
  • Process of informing participants asap of the purpose of the study, revealing any deception and correcting any other misconceptions that may have resulted from participation
  • Also return the participant to normal mood, if applicable to study
25
Q

How are risks identified?

A
  • during the design phase
  • consult with others
  • must ensure risks include from the participants perspective
26
Q

How are risks in psychological research minimised?

A
  1. Modify design to reduce/eliminate identified risks
  2. Use pre-screening
  3. Actively maintain confidentiality
27
Q

How is deception in psychological research minimised?

A
  • Describe procedure, risks and benefits during the informed consent process
  • Generally acceptable to wait until debriefing to reveal the research question.

175.203 Introduction to Psychological Research (6 decks)

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