Week 4 - Parasite Infections Flashcards
What is the name of the parasite and vector associated with Chagas’ disease?
Parasite: Trypanosoma cruzi
Vector: Triatomine Bug (“Kissing Bug”)
What is the name of the parasite and vector associated with Leishmaniasis?
Parasite: Leishmania (protozoan)
Vector: Sand fly
What is the name of the parasite and vector associated with African Sleeping Sickness?
Parasite: Trypanosoma brucei (gambiense/rhodesiense)
Vector: TseTse fly
What is the name of the parasite and vector associated with Lymphatic filariasis (elephantitis)?
Parasite: Wuchereria bancrofti (nematode)
Vector: Misquito
What is the name of the parasite and vector associated with Toxoplasmosis?
Parasite: Toxoplasma gondii
Vector: Tissue cyst (uncooked meat) OR
Fecal oocyst (unwashed produce/cat feces)
What is the name of the parasite and vector associated with Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)?
Parasite: Ochocerca volvulus (nematode - roundworm)
Vector: Blackfly
What is the name of the parasite and vector associated with Babesiosis?
Parasite: Babesia (protozoan)
Vector: Ixodes scapularis (Deer tick)
What are classic symptoms of Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)?
- Nodules under the skin
- Hyperpigmented skin
- Severe itching
- Eye lesions
- Keratitis (inflammation of cornea) leading to gradual permanent blindness
- opacity of eye
What are classic symptoms of Leishmaniasis?
- Cutaneous
- Ulcerative skin lesion with raised outer border
- Swollen glands near sores
- Mucocutaneous
- ulcerative lesions of mucous membranes
- Visceral
- splenomegaly
- weight loss
What are classic symptoms of Chagas’ disease?
- Acute stage
- mild typical innate immune response
- Romaña’s sign (swollen eyelid)
- Chronic disease:
- continuous low-grade immune response (inflammatory)
- Myocarditis
- Megaesophagus
- Megacolon
What are classic symptoms of African Sleeping Sickness?
- First stage:
- chancre at site of bite
- fever
- headache
- swollen lymph nodes
- muscle and joint aches
- possibly rash or itchiness
- Second stage
- somnolence
- altered gait
- tremors
- cranial neuropathies
- urinary incontinence
- personality changes
What are classic symptoms of Lymphatic filariasis?
- lymphedema
- elephantitis
- hydrocele
What are classic symptoms of Toxoplasmosis?
- cerebral abscess(es)
- fever
- headache
- confusion
- seizures
- nausea
- poor coordination
- Ocular Toxoplasmosis: red, painful, photophobic eye, with some decrease in visual acuity
- “headligh in the fog” lesion
- chorioretinal scars
- stillbirth/miscarriage
- Abnormal head size of fetus
- infant that later develops vision loss, mental disability, and seizures
What condition is treated with Ivermectin?
MOA?
Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
MOA: binds to/blocks glutamate-gated chloride channels present on invertebrate muscle and nerve cells
(Often co-treat with Doxycycline)
Ivermectin is recommended to treat *** to avoid ***.
to treat: Onchocerciasis
to avoid: 1. blindness and long term skin damage
- continued transmission
No pharmacological preventatives are available for Ochocerciasis, but how can it be prevented otherwise?
Control the vector!
- Larvicides to control the blackflies
- DEET application to prevent bites
What condition can be treated Sodium stibogluconate and Meglumine antimoniate?
Leishmaniasis
What are the three downfalls of using Sodium stibogluconate and Meglumine antimoniate for Leishmaniasis treatment?
- Treatment failure is increasing
- Resistance is increasing
- Toxicity is increasing
(IM injection only)
What condition is treated with Miltefosine?
Leishmaniasis
(But HIGH toxicity)
What condition can be treated with Liposomal Amphotericin B?
Visceral Leishmaniasis
