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S4- Motor Development and Behavior > Week 4- Normal Development Introduction > Flashcards

Week 4- Normal Development Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

PART 1: INTRO TO NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

A

PART 1: INTRO TO NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

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2
Q

When you hear Maturational Theory, think of __________ Theory. It guides maturational theory.

A

Hierarchical

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3
Q

Maturation Theory Basic Tenets:

  • Development occurs in a ___________ direction.
  • Development occurs in a ________-______ direction.
  • Development of one ______ skill leads to the development of another.
  • ______ milestones are invariant in their sequence.
  • Motor skills develop from ______ to _____.
  • Motor skill progresses from _______ to _________.
  • Total response before __________ response.
  • Cephalic control before ________ control.
A
  • cephalocaudal
  • proximal-distal
  • motor
  • Motor
  • gross to fine
  • reflexive to voluntary
  • localized
  • caudal
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4
Q

Previous theories emphasized the importance of the ____ as the driver of motor development, however, current theories support the role of numerous subsystems’ contributions to motor development as well as the environment.

A

CNS

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5
Q

______ ________ perspective on motor development is a holistic approach to understanding human motor development.

A

Dynamic Systems Perspective

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6
Q

Dynamic Systems Theory:

  • Covers the ________.
  • Has replaced the ____________ theory as the theoretical framework for much of pediatric PT.
  • Assumes that the individual functions as a complex, dynamic system comprising many subsystems and that there is an innate organization that occurs between complex particles that is directed by no one system.
  • Movements emerge based on the child’s _______ _______, the _________ ________, and the _____ ____ to be completed.
A
  • lifespan
  • maturational theory
  • internal milieu, the external environment, and the motor task
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7
Q

Current Beliefs:

  • Is head control mastered before any development of the trunk and LE occurs?
  • Do all areas of the body appear to develop concurrently? What limits them?
  • “Certain factors are rate limiting to motor development.” What can happen when compensations are provided to eliminate the effects of these rate limiting factors?
A
  • No
  • Yes, limiting factors such as strength prevent certain types of movements from being expressed.
  • One developmental system may display previously unrecognized potential. (Ex. providing shoulder control helps a baby to grasp objects in hand)
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8
Q

Kinesiological Concepts 1:

  • What is physiological flexion?
  • As far as active control goes, babies develop antigravity ___________ first.
  • This tend to be followed by antigravity ________.
  • This is followed by _______ _________ and then __________.
A
  • When a baby is first born (full-term and normal weight) they tend to have more flexor tone in their body because of their confined space in the womb.
  • extension
  • flexion
  • lateral flexion and then rotation
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9
Q

Kinesiological Concepts 2:

-List the order in which we develop symmetry, asymmetry, and controlled asymmetry.

A
  • Asymmetry
  • Symmetry
  • Controlled Asymmetry
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10
Q

What is an example of controlled asymmetry?

A

controlled weight shift

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11
Q

Additional Kinesiological Concepts:

  • Mobility-________-controlled mobility-_____ (ROOD).
  • Weight ________-weight _________: stability in postures permits effective weight bearing and weight bearing experiences assist in the development of stability (NDT).
  • To move with control, ______ ______ must occur.
  • Weight shifts occur as one body part stabilized simultaneously with the other body part being unweighted enough to move.
A
  • mobility-stability-controlled mobility-skill
  • weight bearing-weight shifting
  • weight shifts
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12
Q

Additional Kinesiological Concepts:

-What is rotation dissociation?

A
  • Rotation requires balanced control of flexion and extension and dissociation between body segments.
  • Dissociation is the breaking up of the mass pattern, it is the ability to separate movement in one body part from associated movement in another.
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13
Q

What are some examples of rotation dissociation?

A
  • eyes/head
  • head/trunk
  • hand/elbow
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14
Q

PART 2: NORMAL DEV PRENATAL TO 3 MONTHS

A

PART 2: NORMAL DEV PRENATAL TO 3 MONTHS

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15
Q

_________ is a period of time during which an embryo develops in the mother’s womb. It is the most radical change in human existence.

A

Gestation

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16
Q

Gestation is divided into __ periods.

A

3

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17
Q
  • The first trimester (__-__ weeks) is when all major ______ _______ are established.
  • The second trimester (__-__ weeks) is when _____ ________ grow to newborn proportions.
  • The third trimester (__-__ weeks) is when body weight _______ and body length _______. Body fat accumulates, which aids in body temp regulation. At ___ weeks, lungs are developed.
A
  • (1-12 weeks), body systems
  • (13-26 weeks), body proportions
  • (27-40 weeks), triples, doubles, 36 weeks
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18
Q
  • _______ = first 8 weeks

- _______ = 8 weeks until birth

A
  • embryo

- fetus

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19
Q
  • Fetal movement is seen around __-__ weeks gestation.
  • Some jerky, startle type movements are seen at __ weeks.
  • There are both ______ and ______, random and coordinated patterns.
  • Fetal movements may have the purpose of preventing _______ and ________ and preparing the fetus for birth.
A
  • 7-8 weeks
  • 9 weeks
  • gross and fine
  • stasis and adhesions
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20
Q

The quality of fetal movement provides an indicator of the chronic ___________ conditions of the fetus.

A

neurological

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21
Q

Characteristics of Atypical Development (1): (NOT ON TEST)

  • Abnormal _____ (hypo/hypertonia, fluctuations, rigidity)
  • Exaggerated, __________ reflex behavior
  • _________ of normal reflexes
  • Lack of variability, variety, and frequency of ___________ movement
  • Lack of ____________
A
  • tone
  • prolonged
  • absence
  • spontaneous
  • adaptability
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22
Q

Characteristics of Atypical Development (2): (NOT ON TEST)

  • Lack of _________ control
  • Lack of __________, rotation
  • _________ and __________ are not balanced
  • Persistence of _________
  • Lack of controlled _______ shifts
  • Lack of elongation on WB side with lateral flexion on NWB side
A
  • antigravity
  • dissociation
  • flexion and extension
  • asymmetry
  • weight shifts
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23
Q

Characteristics of Atypical Development (3): (NOT ON TEST)

  • Poor __________ stability with decreased ability to move against gravity
  • Prolonged fixing or limiting degrees of freedom due to poor underlying control
  • Abnormal postural alignment
  • Poor __________ and control of movement
A
  • proximal

- coordination

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24
Q

Newborn:

  • ____-____ weeks of fetal development
  • Premature - less than ___ weeks
  • Head proportionately ________ with short LEs
  • Kyphotic, horizontal ribs
  • ROM differences: excessive __________, 30 degree _________ contractures at hips and knees
  • PHYSIOLOGICAL ____________
A
  • 38-42 weeks
  • 38 weeks
  • larger
  • dorsiflexion, flexion
  • FLEXION
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25
Q

What do we see with a newborn in supine?

A
  • head rotated
  • rooting reflex (stroke side of babies face causes them to turn head to search for something to suck on)
  • neonatal neck righting (head turns, body turns)
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26
Q

What do we see with a newborn in supported sit?

A
  • fleeting attempts to lift head

- back rounded but pelvis perpendicular

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27
Q

What do we see with a newborn in prone?

A
  • WB through upper trunk, shoulders, head

- lifts head to clear airway

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28
Q

Newborn UE Movement:

  • Hands open as arms _______
  • Hand movement related to ____ movement
  • Strong _______ but hand loosely flexed at rest
  • Resting posture - slight shoulder ________, elbow ___________, elbow _________
A
  • abduct
  • arm
  • grasp
  • shoulder adduction, elbow flexion, elbow pronation
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29
Q

Newborn LE Movement:

  • Vigorous, rhythmical reciprocal ________
  • Automatic _________ and _________
  • Biomechanical aspects: medial femoral torsion, femoral anteversion, femoral bowing, femoral coxa valga, shallow acetabulum,, genu varum, tibia varum, tibial torsion, calcaneal varus, forefoot varus, occasional metatarsal adductus
A
  • kicking

- standing and stepping

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30
Q
  • When looking at vision, the newborn is able to fixate on moving object ________ and ________.
  • They prefer _______ contrasts.
  • Best at __-__ inches away
A
  • laterally and vertically
  • strong
  • 8-9 inches
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31
Q

1-2 Months:

  • We see a decrease in physiological ________. Why?
  • Relative ____tonia and asymmetry.
  • We see the beginning of active ________ control.
  • Increased _______ and visual awareness.
A
  • physiological flexion, they aren’t curled up in the womb anymore
  • hypotonia and asymmetry
  • postural
  • alertness
32
Q

What do we see with a 1-2 MO in prone?

A
  • Better head lift – momentarily to 45 degrees
  • Elbows behind shoulders
  • Increased head/neck extensor muscles with less WS forward on the face and shoulders
  • Decreased hip flexion
33
Q

What do we see with a 1-2 MO in supine?

A
  • Increased cervical rotation with movement of extremities away from the body
  • ATNR (asymmetrical tonic neck reflex) may appear
  • Head rarely in midline
34
Q

What do we see with a 1-2 MO in supported sit?

A
  • Begin to see scapular adduction to assist with head lift

- During pull to sit, head lags but may see grasp reflex traction response with elbow flexion

35
Q

What do we see with a 1-2 MO in supported stand?

A

-Astasia abasia – motor incoordination for standing and walking

36
Q

1-2 MO UE Movement:

  • ________ in supine
  • Grasp reflex __________
  • May voluntarily retain object placed in hand for brief period
  • Bilateral scapular __________ and spinal _________ provide synergistic stability for head lifting
A
  • swiping
  • decreased
  • retraction, extension
37
Q

1-2 MO LE Movement:

-_______ may be bilateral and symmetrical, feet come together

A

-kicking

38
Q

3 Months:

  • They are _____ and ______ and can interact _______ with caregivers.
  • ________ and ________ orientation beginning.
  • Marked _________ in bilateral symmetrical activity and antigravity flexor control.
A
  • alert and aware, visually
  • symmetry and midline orientation
  • increase
39
Q

What do we see with a 3 MO in prone?

A
  • Sustains prone on elbows with head elevated 45-90 degrees in midline
  • Rotated head while elevated-subtle weight shifts
  • Increased caudal weight shift – lumbar extensors help stabilize thorax
40
Q

What do we see with a 3 MO in supine?

A
  • Symmetry and midline become dominant
  • Chin tuck – bilateral control of capital and cervical flexor muscles
  • Capital flexion elongates capital and cervical extensors
  • Foot to foot play, increased active knee extension accompanied by hip extension, hip adduction and decreased external rotation
41
Q

What do we see with a 3 MO in supported sit?

A

sustained head lift

42
Q

What do we see with a 3 MO in pull to sit?

A

-head rights midway

43
Q

What do we see with a 3 MO in stand?

A
  • astasia abasia usually gone
  • able to sustain head lift
  • scapular adduction
  • toe curling
  • plantar grasp reflex
  • weight bearing on medial side of foot
44
Q

At 3 months, babies are able to track ____ degrees with head extended, eye hand region.

A

180 degrees

45
Q

PART 4: 4-6 MONTHS

A

PART 4: 4-6 MONTHS

46
Q

4 Months:

  • Beginning of controlled ____________ movements and alternating, coordinated movements.
  • Easily alternate between __________ and __________ in supine and prone.
  • Visual tracking _________ head turning.
  • Development of __________ visual gaze.
A
  • purposeful
  • flexion and extension
  • without
  • downward
47
Q

What do we see in prone at 4 months?

A
  • Head extended at 90 degrees, pivot prone, prone on extended UE
  • Landau (extension of head and legs while holding tummy)
  • Increased lordosis
  • Able to flex head without collapsing
  • Increased activity of adductors, erector spinae and obliques – ribs less horizontal
  • Weight on forearms, pects more active and begin to balance extension
48
Q

What do we see in supine at 4 months?

A
  • Increased hip extension and adduction
  • Alternates between pelvic anterior and posterior tilting – important in development of trunk synergistic activity for LE movement
  • Hands to knees and other body parts
  • Begin to see ankle PF, INV/EV
49
Q

4 Month UE:

  • Reach in supine with FA _______, wrist ________.
  • Primitive ulnar grasp and __________ pattern.
  • Can bring hands together but not yet transfer.
  • Cannot _________ with control.
  • Shakes and bangs, mouths objects – important for perceptual awareness of shapes and sizes and textures and in decreasing tongue and mouth sensitivity.
A
  • FA pronation, wrist extension
  • squeezing
  • release
50
Q

4 Month Sidelying:

  • Baby may roll from supine with hands on knees, initiated with head rotation and symmetrical flexion.
  • Sidelying is important in ____ ______ shaping.
  • Provides new ________ and _________ orientation.
  • Angulation of rib cage important for ________, _________, trunk and rib cage mobility.
A
  • rib cage shaping
  • visual and vestibular
  • respiration, phonation
51
Q

5 Months:
-Voluntary asymmetrical, dissociated, and __________ movements.
Balance of ________ and _________ with emergence of lateral flexion.
Increased ________ mobility – basis for body RR, equilibrium reactions, and diagonal movements.

A
  • reciprocal
  • flexion and extension
  • spinal
52
Q

What do we see in prone at 5 months?

A
  • Lateral weight shift in POE – frees face side hand for reach, LEs
  • May push up on hands
  • Rolls to supine
53
Q

What do we see in supine at 5 months?

A
  • Feet to mouth
  • Flexes head if hand held
  • Rolls to side
54
Q

What do we see in supported sitting at 5 months?

A

-Ring sits, props on hands

55
Q

What do we see in sidelying at 5 months?

A
  • First symmetrical then asymmetrical

- Momentary lateral flexion of head

56
Q

5 Months UE:

  • ________ grasp
  • Occasionally manipulates and transfers
  • Brings ____________ rather than mouth to toy
  • Grabs, mouths, bangs, shakes toys
A
  • palmar

- toy to mouth

57
Q

6 Months:

  • More active, uses less positional stability
  • Good _______ control in flexion, extension, lateral flexion
  • LEs gain ________ control
  • Beginning to respond to ________ WS with rotation
  • Independent _______
A
  • head control
  • extensor
  • diagonal
  • sitting
58
Q

What do we see in supine at 6 months?

A
  • Lifts head – activity of capital and cervical flexors with synergistic activity of abdominals to stabilize the thorax
  • Legs extend with PTS
  • Rolls to prone
  • Lots of playing with feet in air – what muscles bring them back to midline?
59
Q

What do we see in prone at 6 months?

A
  • Mature landau but extension balanced with flexion – head-neck extension balanced with flexion – chin tucked with elongation of extensors
  • Prone on extended arms, pivoting (what muscles are active?)
  • Pushing backwards, may assume quadruped
60
Q

What do we see in rolling supine to prone at 6 months?

A
  • Initiated with flexion

- Transition to extension in sidelying

61
Q

What do we see in sitting at 6 months?

A

Positional stability of legs

-Protective extension forwards

62
Q

What do we see in standing at 6 months?

A

Sufficient hip and trunk control to independently hold on to the support of a person, may bounce, legs abducted

63
Q

6 Months UE:

  • Increased __________ control provides synergistic stabilization to the thorax during humeral movements, serratus anterior provides stabilization for the scapula.
  • Rotator cuff, deltoids and pec major dynamically stabilize humerus for __________.
  • Can stop humerus movement midstream – more precise reaching, cross midline, isolate elbow movements.
  • Forearm still ___________, some supination in combination with shoulder external rotation.
  • Palmar and ________ palmar grasp.
A
  • abdominal
  • reaching
  • pronated
  • radial
64
Q

6 Months LE:

  • Hips more _______ with less ___.
  • LEs respond to lateral WS with ___________.
  • In prone, the WB side extends, adducts, IR to neutral, nonwb side flexes, adbucts, and ER, pelvis laterally flexes and rotates backward (opposite response in sitting).
  • Importance of hip IR and elongation of hip _________ for WS.
A
  • adducted, ER
  • dissociation
  • abductors
65
Q

PART 5: NORMAL DEVELOPMENT 7-12 MONTHS

A

PART 5: NORMAL DEVELOPMENT 7-12 MONTHS

66
Q

7 Months:

  • Variety of movement.
  • More incentive, desire, and capability to move into the ____________.
  • Transitions from quad to sit - requires marked mobility at hip joints as femurs move under pelvis, and dynamic trunk-pelvic stability.
  • May assume _____ standing.
A
  • environment

- bear

67
Q

7 Months:

  • Sitting: assumed from _____
  • Able to rotate _______
  • Legs __________ and _______
  • Trunk straight, may see slight ________
  • _____ free for play
  • Protective _________ sideways
  • ____ to _________ - at first using a symmetrical pattern and then half kneeling
A
  • quad
  • trunk
  • abducted and ER
  • lordosis
  • Arms
  • extension
  • pull to standing
68
Q

8 Months:

  • _________ is preferred position for play, creeping for mobility
  • May begin climbing on furniture, stairs
  • Play in kneeling – rely on ___ for stability, hips and knees flexed, ankles dorsiflexed
A
  • sitting

- UE

69
Q

8 Months:

  • Increased interest in ______ objects
  • Climbing – indication of ______ _______ – how to manipulate body on unfamiliar, uneven, unsteady surfaces
  • Standing: still need the ____ to stabilize the posture, LEs abducted, may release one hand and reach out in space – rotation of trunk over stable pelvis and extended Les
  • Cruising sideways, body facing forward
  • May lower to floor from standing – how low they get before falling an indicator of _________ quad control
A
  • small
  • problem solving
  • UEs
  • eccentric
70
Q

8 Months:

  • Walk with hand held, _________ gait (hip flexed, abducted, externally rotated during swing), leads by leaning trunk forward, does not yet use active lower trunk, LE WS
  • Hip in line with body in standing due to lordosis, hip ________ still incomplete
A
  • steppage

- extension

71
Q

9 Months:

  • Variety, versatility
  • Good ______ control
  • Strong desire to _______ and _____
  • More refined _______ – hip abducts with less hip flexion and more knee extension
  • Increased control of hip ____/_____
  • Closer alignment of LE with trunk during single limb WB
A
  • trunk
  • stand and walk
  • cruising
  • abd/add
72
Q

9 Months:

  • Independent kneeling with more active hip ________
  • LES more active during pull to ________
  • Cruising – semi turns towards direction moving
A
  • extension

- standing

73
Q

10 Months:

  • Busy, active, exploring
  • Container play – in/out, practicing release
  • 3-jaw chuck, pincer
  • _______ gestures
  • Reaches across _______
A
  • mimics

- midline

74
Q

10 Months:

  • _______: triplanar motion of hips, may cross open spaces
  • Cruise around corners – perceptual challenges, motor planning
  • Cruises around different height, texture, and firmness of objects
  • Supported walking- scapula adducted, trunk extended, anterior pelvic tilt
  • Increased ______ movement in standing, more active of gastroc - PF and INV calcaneus.
A
  • cruising

- ankle

75
Q

11 Months:

  • ________ alone when absorbed in a task
  • Walks with one hand held
  • Assumes standing (quad-semi half kneel-squat-stand)
  • Squatting – weight posterior with minimal ankle dorsiflexion
  • Hip extensors, abdominals, quads, and ankle DF work in synergy
A

Stands

76
Q

11 Months:

  • Rise to stand – symmetrical extension at _____ and _______ while ankles stabilize
  • May see regression in postural control with attempts at __________ walking
  • UE: more control of release, neat pincer
A
  • hip and knee

- independent

77
Q

12 Months:

  • Basic motor skills present
  • __________ standing, _____ BOS, may begin to use hands more
  • Increased LE dissociation, greater skill in planning, organizing, and executing climbing activities
  • Most walk ____________
A
  • independent standing, wide BOS

- independent

S4- Motor Development and Behavior (9 decks)

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