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S4- Motor Development and Behavior > Week 1- Intro to Motor Control and Motor Learning > Flashcards

Week 1- Intro to Motor Control and Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

PART 1: CLASS LECTURE

A

PART 1: CLASS LECTURE

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2
Q

What is motor control?

A

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement.

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3
Q

The organization of movement is constrained by factors within the __________, _____, and ___________.

A
  • individual
  • task
  • environment
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4
Q

The problem of coordinating many muscles and joints has been referred to as the _______________ problem.

A

degrees or freedom

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5
Q

It is assumed that the body operates in “________ __________ or “__________ __________” within a finite and limited class of movements and by doing such, controls the degrees of freedom problem.

A
  • “functional collectives”

- “coordinative structures”

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6
Q
  • ___________ is the integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information.
  • How is it linked to movement?
  • In order to have perception, we have to have ________.
A
  • Perception
  • It includes both peripheral sensory mechanisms and higher level processing that adds interpretation and meaning to incoming afferent information.
  • Experience
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7
Q

__________/__________ systems provide information about the state of the body and features within the environment critical to the regulation of movement.

A
  • Sensory

- Perceptual

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8
Q

Cognition includes __________, _________, and __________ aspects of motor control that underlie the establishment of intent or goals.

A

attention, motivation, and emotional

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9
Q

Are there short term and long term motivational impacts?

A

Yes

  • Short Term (choices/approach, avoid, effort, quality and quantity of motor performance)
  • Long Term (persistence, adherence)
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10
Q

What are the 3 fundamental psychological needs that are universally important for psychological wellbeing and autonomous motivation? Describe each.

A
  • Autonomy: Need to determine or feel in control of one’s own actions.
  • Competence: Need to perceive oneself as capable or competent.
  • Social Relatedness: Need to feel included, accepted, or connected to others, to feel satisfaction in one’s involvement with the social world.
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11
Q

When building competence, put in order which would work best to least.

  • Actively Helping
  • Encouragement
  • No Contact
A
  • Encouragement
  • No Contact
  • Actively Helping
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12
Q

Building Autonomy:

  • Subtle conditions that convey freedom of engagement or personal autonomy matter.
  • ______ choices can have large impacts.
  • Mere choice, incidental choices, can affect learning.
  • ______ interactions and ___________ language can threaten autonomy.
A
  • Small

- Social interactions and controlling language

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13
Q

What are some examples of how a controlling style would present/look?

A
  • Neglect of the learners perspective.
  • Intrusion
  • Pressure
  • Controlling Language (must, should, have to, I want you to, you are accountable for)
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14
Q

What are the 4 aspects of social relatedness?

A
  • Inclusion
  • Acceptance
  • Connection
  • Collaboration
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15
Q

Supporting Psychological Needs Summary:

  • _________ affects motor learning, along with many other behavioral, physiological, and experiential outcomes.
  • We need to ____________ with our patients.
  • Our patients need to accept __________ and take a more ________ role in interventions.
A
  • Motivation
  • collaborate
  • responsibility, active
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16
Q
  • What is a discrete task?
  • What is a continuous task?
  • What is a serial task?
A
  • Discrete: Task has definite beginning and end.
  • Continuous: Task has arbitrary beginning and end.
  • Serial: Several discrete skills put together.
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17
Q

Describe the following as discrete, continuous, or serial:

  • Cross country skiing
  • Triple jump
  • Crochet shot
A
  • Cross country skiing = continuous
  • Triple jump = serial
  • Crochet shot = discrete
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18
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of the BOS? Decribe them and give examples.

A
  • Stable: Nonmoving BOS (sitting, standing)

- Mobile: Moving BOS (walking)

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19
Q

What is the difference between Open Movement Tasks and Closed Movement Tasks?

A
  • Open Movement Tasks: The environment is constantly changing and unpredictable, so movements have to be often adapted.
  • Closed Movement Tasks: Relatively stereotyped, little variability, and fixed predictable environments where the person knows what to do and when.
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20
Q

What is the difference between Open-Loop Motor Control and Closed-Loop Motor Control?

A
  • Open-Loop Motor Control: No sensory feedback necessary. (movements of short duration and many well learned skills)
  • Closed-Loop Motor Control: Afferent information guides movement. (slow and precise movements)
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21
Q

Aspects of the environment that affect movement have been divided into __________ and ____________ features. Describe each.

A
  • Regulatory: Aspects of the environment that shape the movement itself (size, shape, weight of a cup)
  • Nonregulatory: May affect performance but movement does not have to conform to these features (background noise)
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22
Q

What is a Activity Based Task Analysis?

A

The process of breaking down an activity into its component parts to understand and evaluate the demands of the task and the performance demonstrated.

23
Q

Activity Based Task Analysis requires an understanding of _______.

A

“normal”

24
Q
  • ADL=
  • BADL=
  • IADL=
A
  • Activities of Daily Living (ADL)
  • Basic ADL
  • Instrumental ADL
25
Q

What are the 2 broad categories for Gentile’s Taxonomy?

A
  • Action requirements

- Environmental demands

26
Q
  • With Gentile’s Taxonomy, action requirements are further broken down into what?
  • This is further broken down into what?
A
  • Body Stability/Body Transport

- No object manipulation/object manipulation

27
Q
  • With Gentile’s Taxonomy, environmental demands are further broken down into what?
  • This is further broken down into what?
A
  • Environment Stationary/Environment in Motion

- No intertrial variability/intertrial variability

28
Q

Gentile’s Taxonomy gets harder as it goes ______ and to the _________.

A

down and to the right

29
Q

PART 2: REFLEX AND HIERARCHICAL THEORY

A

PART 2: REFLEX AND HIERARCHICAL THEORY

30
Q

What is a theory?

A

Set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures or processes and relate them to each other and to observable events.

31
Q

Theories provide:

  • A ____________ for interpreting behavior
  • A _______ for clinical action
  • ____ ideas
  • Working hypotheses for _________ and _________
A
  • framework
  • guide
  • new
  • examination and intervention
32
Q

________ Theory says that movement is controlled by stimulus-response. Reflexes are the basis for movement - Reflexes are combined into actions that create behavior.

A

Reflex

33
Q

How did reflex theory influence PT?

A
  • If chained or compounded reflexes are the basis for functional movement, then clinical strategies to test reflexes should allow therapists to predict function.
  • A patient’s movement behaviors could be interpreted in terms of the presence or absence of controlling reflexes.
  • Retraining motor control for functional skills would focus on enhancing or reducing the effect of various reflexes during motor tasks.
34
Q

_________ Theory assumes that all aspects of movement planning and execution are the sole responsibility of one or more cortical centers representing the highest command level with the hierarchy of the CNS. This cortical “executor” contains all the information necessary for action and directs lower centers within the NS to carry out the prescribed movement.

A

Hierarchical

35
Q

How has the concept of a strict hierarchy been modified?

A

Now believe each level of the nervous system can act on other levels depending on the task.

36
Q

Are reflexes considered to be the sole determinant of motor control?

A

No, rather only one of many processes important to the control of movemement.

37
Q

PART 3: MOTOR PROGRAMMING AND SYSTEMS THEORY

A

PART 3: MOTOR PROGRAMMING AND SYSTEMS THEORY

38
Q
  • _____ _________ Theories say sensory input is not necessary for movement but does appear to modulate movement.
  • It has the concept of ______ _______ ________.
  • What are the clinical implications of this?
A
  • Motor Programming
  • central motor pattern (CMP)
  • intervention should focus on retraining movements important to a functional task, not just reeducating specific muscles in isolation
39
Q

Motor Programming Theories Limitations:

  • CPG is not the sole determinant of action
  • Does not take into account musculoskeletal and environmental factors
  • Clinical Implications: abnormalities in ___ may explain abnormal movement
  • Importance of ___________ training versus specific muscle strengthening in isolation
A
  • CPG (central pattern generators)

- functional

40
Q

________ Theory states not just the nervous system but also the musculoskeletal system and the forces acting on the body.

A

Systems

41
Q

___________ Theory states that “coordination of movement is the process of mastering the redundant degrees of freedom”.

A

Systems

42
Q

What is the limitation of Systems Theory?

A

Broadest theory so far but does not focus heavily on interaction of the organism and the environment.

43
Q

Systems Theory states that we must consider not only the CNS but also the ___________ system as a determinant of motor control.

A

musculoskeletal

44
Q

PART 4: DYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND ECOLOGICAL THEORY

A

PART 4: DYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND ECOLOGICAL THEORY

45
Q

________ _________ Theory looks at; “How do the patterns and organization we see in the world come into being from their orderless constituent parts?” and “How do systems change over time?”

A

Dynamic Systems

46
Q
  • In regards to Dynamic Systems Theory, principle of _____ ____________ states when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an orderly way.
  • With this principle, is there a need for a higher center to issue instructions?
A
  • principle of self organization

- No

47
Q

-In regards to Dynamic Systems Theory, principle of _____ ____________ states that a new configuration of the behavior emerges when a single parameter reaches a critical value.

A

-principle of nonlinear behavior

48
Q

What is a control parameter?

A

A variable that regulates change in the behavior of the entire system.

49
Q

What control parameter(s) must reach a critical value in order for an infant to switch from crawling to walking as a main form of locomotion?

A
  • ankle strength
  • fear of falling
  • length of torso compared to legs/foot
50
Q

What are attractor states? Give examples.

A
  • Preferred patterns of movement used to accomplish common activities of daily life.
  • Walking at a preferred speed, sitting a preferred way.
51
Q

What is attractor well?

A

The degree to which there is flexibility to change a preferred pattern of movement. (The deeper the well, the harder it is to change the preferred patterns)

52
Q

________ Theory draws on the fact that perception guides actions.

A

Ecological

53
Q

__________ focuses on detecting information in the environment that will support the actions necessary to achieve the goal.

A

Perception

54
Q

Match the following statements to either Reflex, Hierarchical, Motor Programming, or Dynamic Systems Theory.

  1. ) The cerebral cortex organizes all movement.
  2. ) Includes the principle of nonlinear behavior.
  3. ) Includes the concept of a central pattern generator.
  4. ) Stimuli trigger motor behavior.
A
  1. ) Hierarchical
  2. ) Dynamic Systems
  3. ) Motor Programming
  4. ) Reflex

S4- Motor Development and Behavior (9 decks)

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