Week 2- Motor Learning Flashcards
PART 1
PART 1
Motor learning is “the process by which the capability for producing movement performance and the actual movement performance are _______ _______ through __________, ________, and/or _________”.
- reliably changed
- instruction, practice, and/or experience
- What is motor recovery?
- It has lots of overlap with ______ _________.
- recovery of function- the reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury
- motor learning
What is the difference between motor recovery and compensation?
- Recovery is regain of lost function.
- Compensation is teaching new ways to move.
Motor Learning vs Motor Performance:
- Learning is relatively _______
- Performance is a ________ change in motor behavior seen during practice sessions.
- permanent
- temporary
What are the (4) concepts of motor learning?
- ) It is the process of acquiring the capability for skilled action.
- ) Results from practice.
- ) Cannot be measured directly but is inferred from behavior.
- ) Produces relatively permanent changes in behavior.
Motor Learning:
- It involves more than ______ processes, must also learn new strategies for ________.
- It is a complex interaction of __________/__________/_________.
- It involves the search for a ______ solution that emerges from an interaction of the individual with the task and the environment.
- Task solutions are new strategies for perceiving and acting.
- motor, sensory
- perception/cognition/action
- task
________ of ___________ involves the search for new solutions in relationship to specific tasks and environments given the new constraints imposed on the individual by neural pathology.
Recovery of Function
What are the changes we see within the nervous system infrastructure with motor learning and motor performance? (4)
- Level of neuronal activation
- Synaptic efficiency
- Cortical reorganization
- Changes in blood flow
We infer that motor learning has occurred by observing performance _____ sometimes performance suffers during the process of motor learning _____ “incorrect” things may be learned.
- BUT
- AND
- To qualify as motor learning, there must be evidence that _______, ________, and/or _________ has occured.
- And theses changes are not the result of __________ or related to fatigue, motivation or drugs.
- practice, instruction, and/or experience
- maturation
What are the 2 forms of long-term memory?
- Explicit (declarative)
- Implicit (nondeclarative)
- Explicit (declarative) memory is the ability to identify ______ and _______.
- What areas of the brain are associated with explicit memory?
- facts and events
- Medial Temporal lobe areas, Sensory Association Cortex, Hippocampus
Implicit (nondeclarative) can be divided into __________ (skills and habits), ___________ (habituation and sensitization), and _________ (classical and operant conditioning) learning.
- Procedural
- Nonassociative
- Associative
- Nonassociative learning can be described as _________ or ______________.
- Nonassociative learning is associated with what brain structures?
- Habituation
- Sensitization
-Reflex pathways
What is habituation?
A decrease in responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a nonpainful stimulus.
What is sensitization?
Occurs when a reaction to a stimulus causes an increased reaction to a second stimulus.
- Associative learning can be described as _________ or ___________ conditioning.
- Associative learning is associated with what brain structures?
- Classic conditioning (stimulus to stimulus)
- Operant conditioning (behavior to consequence)
- Amygdala (emotion)
- Cerebellum, Deep Cerebellar Nuclei, Premotor Cortex (Skeletal Musculature)
- Procedural learning is learning tasks that can be performed ____________ without attention or conscious though and does not require cognitive processes.
- It develops slowly through __________ of an act over many trials.
- It involves a network of specific ________, ____-_______, ________, and ______________ structures.
- automatically
- repetition
- frontal, basal-ganglion, parietal, and cerebellar structures (striatum)
Explicit (declarative) Learning:
- Results in knowledge that can be ___________ recalled and thus requires processes such as awareness, attention, and reflection.
- Involves the ability to remember factual knowledge.
- Constant repetition can transform declarative into __________ or _________ knowledge.
- What is an advantage of explicit (declarative) learning?
- consciously
- nondeclarative or procedural
- It can be practiced in ways other than the one in which it was learned.
What are the neural pathways involved in explicit (declarative) learning?
frontal brain areas such as anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, head of the caudate, medial temporal lobes, hippocampus.
-the hippocampus codes a cognitive map of the spatial areas in which we move - internal representation
To optimize teaching movement skills – the patient should be highly ________, attend fully to the task, and be able to relate or _______ the new information to information they already know about the task.
- motivated
- integrate
PART 2: THEORIES OF MOTOR LEARNING
PART 2: THEORIES OF MOTOR LEARNING
Theories of Motor Learning is a group of abstract ideas about the nature and control of the acquisition or modification of movement. What are the (3) we will be discussing?
- Adam’s Closed-Loop Theory
- Schmidt’s Schema Theory
- Ecological Theory
Adams Closed-Loop Theory:
- _______ ________ used for the ongoing production of skilled movement.
- ________ _______ used in the _________ and __________ of the movement.
- _________ ________ built up over a period of practice and becomes the internal reference of __________.
- sensory feedback
- memory trace, selection and initiation
- perceptual trace, correctness
With Adams Closed-Loop Theory it is essential to have the patient do what? Why?
- Have the patient practice the same exact movement repeatedly to one accurate endpoint.
- The more time spent practicing the movement as accurately as possible the better the learning will be.
With Adams Closed-Loop Theory, errors produced during the learning ________ the strength of an incorrect perceptual trace.
increase
What are the limitations of Adams Closed-Loop Theory? (3)
- The theory cannot explain the accurate performance of novel movements or open‑loop movements made in the absence of sensory feedback
- It may be impossible for the brain to store a separate perceptual trace for every movement ever performed (or is this muscle memory??)
- Variability in movement practice may actually improve motor performance of the task – depending on the type of task.
Schmidt’s Schema Theory:
- Generalized motor program contains the rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a given movement.
- ______ schema is used to select a specific response.
- _________ schema is used to evaluate the response.
- Think of a toddler learning the rules for what a dog is.
- Recall
- Recognition
With Schmidt’s Schema Theory, optimal learning will occur if a task is practiced under _________ circumstances.
different
What are the limitations of Schmidt’s Schema Theory? (3)
- Differences between children and adults with variable forms of practice.
- Lack of specificity of interaction with other systems during motor learning.
- Inability to account for the immediate acquisition of new types of coordination.
Ecological Theory:
- Motor learning is a process that increases the coordination between perception and action consistent with the _____ and ___________ constraints.
- The theory emphasizes dynamic exploratory activity of the perceptual/motor workspace to create optimal strategies for performing a task.
task and environmental
With Ecological Theory, the patient learns to distinguish the relevant _________ cues important to organizing action.
perceptual
What are the limitations of Ecological Theory? (2)
- Still a very new theory.
- Has not been applied to specific examples of motor skill acquisition in any systemic way.
“How” motor learning occurs may depend on the ________ _____, the stage of ________, and the _________ in which the movement occurs.
- specific skill
- learning
- environment
What are Fitts’ 3 stages of motor learning?
- Cognitive Stage
- Intermediate or Associative Stage
- Autonomous Stage
Describe the cognitive stage of motor learning.
The learner attempts to understand how to perform a skill.
Describe the intermediate or associative stage of motor learning.
The learner begins to modify and/or adapt the movement pattern as needed.
Describe the autonomous stage of motor learning.
Movement execution becomes more automatic and attention can be directed elsewhere.
In the intermediate or associative stage of motor learning, what is counterproductive when they enter this stage?
-facilitation techniques and/or manual guidance
What can you start to introduce in the autonomous stage of motor learning?
distractions during therapy such as conversations (dual-task)
What are Neo-Bernsteinian Perspective 3 stages of motor learning? Describe them.
Novice: learner simplifies the movement problem by “freezing out” some of the available degrees of freedom.
Advanced: learner begins to reinstate and/or release additional degrees of freedom.
Expert: additional degrees of freedom released, additional passive forces exploited.
How can we asses motor learning?
Performance Curves
___________ (____________) learning is a level expressed as the number of practice trials completed after the criterion of mastery has been achieved – or may be expressed in percentage terms.
Overlearning (postmastery)
- _____ _____ paradigm is used to determine the degree of automaticity of performance.
- What is acceptable degree?
- dual task
- When neither task causes a decrement in the other.
Retention vs Transfer?
Retention- Conditions the same as in the acquisition.
Transfer- Conditions differ from those in the acquisition phase.
