Week 4 - Mood Disorders Flashcards
Group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality, are?
Mood disorders
___________ is predicted to be the second leading cause of disease burden - second to heart disease, the leading cause.
Depression
_______ ______ problems are the leading source of non-fatal disease burden in Australia
Mental health
What’s this a diagnosis for?
- depressed mood for longer than 2 weeks
- loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities
Any any 4 of: - appetite disturbances
- sleep disturbances
- loss of energy everyday
- feelings of excessive guilt and worthlessness
- suicidal tendencies
- diminished concentration
Major depressive disorder/major depression
Define a ‘melaconic feature’
Inability to experience pleasure is one
Define ‘Catatonic features’
Restricted or excessive activity
The previous name for ‘Persistent Depressive Disorder’?
Dysthymic disorder
Define ‘Psychomotor retardation’
A central feature of depression which includes motor and cognitive impairments.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) is more or less severe than Major Depressive Episodes (MDE)?
LESS severity, duration and number of symptoms
What is the diagnosis for:
Depressed mood for for most of the time for 2 years. At least 2 of the following: - Poor appetite/overeating - low self-esteem - insomnia/hypersomnia - poor concentration - low energy/fatigue - feeling hopelessness
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
Which mood disorder can last for up to 20 - 30 years?
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
Define “double depression”
When people with Persistent Depressive Disorder go on to experience Major Depressive Episodes
Mean age of onset for Major Depressive Disorder?
> 30
Mean age of onset for Persistent depressive disorder?
> early 20s
Define ‘conduct disorder’
Chronic disregard for the rights of others inc specific behaviours e.g. stealing, lying etc.
Define ‘oppositional defiant disorder’
Marked by Agressive behaviour, irritability and resilience
Is unipolar depression more common in men or women?
Women.
In Aus 3% of men and 5% of women will experience it
Who proposed that negative experiences in childhood may result in the development of dysfunctional core beliefs about the self, others and the world?
Asron Beck
When does ‘Arbitrary inference’ take place?
When someone draws a conclusion in the absence of supporting evidence. E.g. I didn’t get invited to bobs party, he doesn’t like me!
When does ‘magnification’ occur?
When someone magnifies their perceived failure.
e.g. I answered the tutors question wrong, everyone must think I’m an idiot!
When does ‘minimization’ occur?
When someone minimizes their achievements. e.g. I only got that job because they’re desperate.
Define ‘personalization’
Entails relating events to oneself in the absence of clear evidence.
e.g. Bob didn’t smile back at me yesterday, he hates me.
When does ‘overgeneralization’ occur?
when someone draws a conclusion based on a single event.
According to Beck:
Negative early experiences > ______________ > Critical incident > Negative cognitive triad > __________ of depression
Dysfunctional beliefs; Symptoms
According to Beck, it was found that a decrease in dysfunctional thinking in one session was followed by……..?
…a reduction in depressive symptoms in the following sessions.
People who recover from a first episode of uni-polar depression will have another episode within ___ years.
5
__% of those with a depressive disorder will recover within 6 months following treatment.
50%
When depressed, _________ show a series of behavioural symptoms, including: sad faces, slow movement and low response
Infants
When depressed,
When depressed, __-__ year olds show a series of behavioural symptoms, including: lack of pleasure, hopelessness, excessive sleep and social withdrawal.
9-12
Define ‘anhedonia’
A decrease in pleasure
Define ‘hypochondriasis’
A physical manifestation of a psychological issue. e.g. The more depressed someone is the more they fixate physical issues (back pain, headaches etc)
For uni-polar depression, in Australia, the suicide rate is __%
75%
In bi-polar disorder, the act of switching from one state to another, e.g. mania > depression > mania, is called…?
Cycling
a period (at least one week) of abnormality and persistently elevated or irritable mood, with an inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts and risk taking behaviour, are all symptoms of…?
A manic episode
Which is more severe: A manic episode, or a Hypomanic episode??
A manic episode
Unlike a manic episode, a hypomanic episode only lasts __ days, there are no psychotic symptoms and doesn’t cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning.
4
Bipolar 1 is associated with ________ episodes, where is Bipolar 2 is more associated with ___________ episodes.
manic; hypomanic
Which is more severe: Bipolar 1 or Bipolar 2?
Bipolar 1
Cyclothymic Disorder is a…?
Milder form of bipolar disorder
- not severe to meet manic or MDE diagnosis
List the 5 sup-types of bipolar disorder
- Seasonal
- Postpartum/postnatal
- Catatonic features
- Psychotic features
Onset for bipolar 1: ___ - ___
Onset for bipolar 2: ___ -___
15-18; 19-22
What is the ‘diathesis-stress model’
Being at risk of a psychological illness without it ever showing, then having it come to surface when something traumatic occurs. e.g. death in the family.
List 4 main causes of mood disorders
- Diathesis-stress model
- Biological vulnerability
- Psychological vulnerability
- Social factors
A genetic influence for mood disorders is mostly seen in ______ than ___.
Woman; Men
Who has he most common model/theory regarding mood disorders?
Beck
In Becks negative triad model, people have a negative view of:
Self, world and future
The tendency to see the world negatively?
Negative schema
The tendency to process information in negative ways
Cognitive biases
Define ‘selective abstraction’
Focusing on one element while ignoring the others
Learned helplessness occurs?
As a result of uncontrollable negative events - the person learns to be helpless
According to the pessimistic attribution style, ‘Internal’ means?
It’s my fault
According to the pessimistic attribution style, ‘stable’ means?
I’ll always fail
According to the pessimistic attribution style, ‘global’ means?
I fail at everything
According to the ‘goal dysregulation model’ mania is the result of…. ?
Excessive goal engagement
70% of people with mood disorders are ______
Women
List the biological treatments for mood disorders
- Pharmacological
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
List the psychological treatments for mood disorders
- Cognitive behavioural CBT
- Interpersonal psychotherapy IPT
List the two mood stabilizers fro bipolar disorders
- lithium and;
- neuroleptics
Monamine oxidase (MAO) is an?
Antidepressant for depressive disorders
Selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is an?
Antidepressant for depressive disorders
Mixed reuptake inhibitors are?
Antidepressant for depressive disorders
In older, original biological models, it was said that depression was due to low levels for __________________ and ____________
Norepinephrine; serotonin
In older, original biological models, it was said that mania was caused by high levels of ______________ and ___________
Norepinephrine; dopamine
Newer biological models focus on sensitivity of the postsynaptic receptors.
Depression is cased by insensitive ____________ receptors, and bipolar is caused by overly sensitive _________ receptors
serotonin; dopamine
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is mainly used for?
Severe depression
- with high risk of suicide
- with psychotic features
___________ increases or decreases activity in areas of the brain thought to be hyper/hypo active in mood disorders
Neuromodulation
____________ ___________– __________ teaches clients to identify and change their dysfunctional thinking
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Define behavioural activation
Slowly activating a behaviour one step at a time. e.g. If someone is scared of leaving thr house, get them to start off by going out to the letter box etc.
Define Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Focuses on resolving problems in existing relationships and learning from new relationships
Are the rates of suicide higher among those with type 1 bipolar, or type 2?
Type 2 - because they have more frequent episodes of depression
