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Psychopathology > Week 3 - Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Week 3 - Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Recurrent and persistent thoughts are that are intrusive and distressing are..?

A

Obsessions

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2
Q

Repetitive behaviours that the person feels compelled to preform in response to an obsession?

A

Compulsions

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3
Q

Define ‘good or fair insight’ in a person suffering from OCD

A

That the individual recognizes that his/her OCD are not true

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4
Q

What is ‘tourette’s disorder’?

A

TS is characterised by rapid, repetitive and involuntary muscle movements and vocalisations called “tics”, and often involves behavioural difficulties. Tics are experienced as a build up of tension, are irresistible and eventually must be performed. Typically tics increase as a result of tension or stress and decrease with relaxation or concentration on an absorbing task.

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5
Q

Compulsive checking is the most common and prominent feature of OCD, what does this include?

A

Checking of taps, powerpoints, stoves, electrical appliances and door and window locks

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6
Q

Define ‘primary obsessional slowness’

A

When the sufferer carries out everyday activities in a slow precise manner

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7
Q

According to the Neurosychological Model, OCD results from….?

A

a failure of inhibitory pathways in the basal ganglia

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8
Q

According to the Cognitive Model, OCD results from….?

A

Compulsions that are driven by the desire to reduce negative thoughts (e.g. danger etc) and seek safety from ‘potential’ harm.

Most observed differences in a sufferers brain are caused by having OCD rather than the cause of it.

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9
Q

List some forms of treatment for OCD

A
  • Cognitive Based Therapy (CBT) - exposure based tasks, behavioural experiments etc.
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Danger Ideation Reduction therapy (DIRT)
  • Pharmacological Therapy
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10
Q

List some characteristics of anxiety disorders

A
  • Unwelcome and persistent symptoms of anxiety and fear
  • Excessive avoidance and escape
  • Clinically significant distress and impairment
  • affective, cognitive, somatic and behavioural elements
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11
Q

______ _______ are the hallmark of anxiety disorders.

A

False alarms

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12
Q

Anxiety is a _________ _________ mood state

A

future orientated

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13
Q

Does anxiety:

  1. Come on quickly and only lasts for a short period of time
  2. Is constantly on there- doesn’t really come then go
A
  1. Is constantly on there- doesn’t really come then go
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14
Q

Does Panic:

  1. Come on quickly and only lasts for a short period of time
  2. Is constantly on there- doesn’t really come then go
A
  1. Come on quickly and only lasts for a short period of time
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15
Q

List the different types of factors that cause anxiety

A
  • Biological (genes, hormones, BIS)
  • Psychological (childhood experiences, bad experiences with conditioning and modeling etc) and cognitions (neg beliefs about the world)
  • Social contributions (vulnerabilities, stressful life events)
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16
Q

What three vulnerabilities are in the ‘triple vulnerability model’? (Barlow, 2002)

A
  • biological (genes)
  • generalised psychological (beliefs)
  • specific psychological (conditioning etc)
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17
Q

List the 4 major symptoms of PTSD

A

Re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative changes in cognition’s and moods and marked alterations in arousal (super jumpy, lack of concentration etc)

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18
Q

Is PTSD a common occurring form of anxiety?

A

No. It’s very rare.

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19
Q

According to the cognitive models of PTSD, there are three important in determining development of the disorder, These include:

A
  • Maladaptive appraisals or interpretations of the traumatic event - e.g. “I’m weak because I did noting”
  • The persons response to the event - “I’m worthless because I’m not coping better”
  • The environment after the trauma - “I can never feel safe again”
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20
Q

define the biological accounts of PTSD

A

Extreme sympathetic arousal at the time of a traumatic event result in the release of neurochemicals into the cortex which causes conditioning of fear responses with associated memories

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21
Q

List the treatments for PTSD

A
  • Psychoeducation - providing info about common symptoms and legitimizing the trauma reactions are normal
  • Anxiety management techniques - providing coping skills
  • Cognitive restructuring - teaching patience to identify/change their beliefs about the trauma
  • Prolonged images exposure - exposure to traumatic images for extended periods of time
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22
Q

Name the best prevention technique for PTSD

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - when it’s implemented early!

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23
Q

Anxiety is characterised by:

A
  • distressing emotions
  • physical symptoms
  • cognitions
  • and behaviours to escape avoidance
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24
Q

Define a negative reinforcement

A

Increasing the frequency of a behaviour through the removal of an averse (dislike) experience

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25
When do "specific phobias" usually occur?
In childhood and are more common in children than adults
26
Define 'in vivo' exposure
Behaviour therapy where the person is exposed to their phobia in real life instead of 'imaginal exposure'
27
A behavioral technique where in which a client is intense exposed to a feared object until their anxiety diminishes is called?
Flooding
28
The theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects or situations that were dangerous in prehistoric times, is called?
Prepared classical conditioning
29
What is exposure therapy?
when someone with a phobia gradually faces the phobic stimulus in real life
30
What is imaginal exposure?
when someone faces computer generated virtual realities
31
What is Extinction in regards to exposure therapy?
Through exposure therapy, the conditioned fear response gradually decreases
32
People with generalized biological vulnerability....
React more strongly to everyday stressors, triggering alarm reaction at lower intensities of stress
33
A person who has anxiety sensitivity have...?
fear of arousal-related sensations in their body stemming from the belief that those body sensations are dangerous
34
Tricyclic antidepressants are?
a class of antidepressants such as imipramine and amitriptyline
35
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs do what?
inhibit the reuptake of serotonin
36
Drugs such as Valuim and Xanax are..?
Benzodiazepines
37
what does interoceptive exposure entail?
exposing an individual with panic disorder, to the physical sensations of a panic attack
38
Cognitive restructuring entails...
changing someones false beliefs about a thing or a situation
39
Behavioural experiments are preformed to...
..directly challenge negative cognition's. It's a cognitive technique where a person participates in an activity in order to test the accuracy of their beliefs
40
Safety behaviors are defined as..?
Subtle avoidance behavior used as a misguided attempt to prevent a fear from coming true
41
Imagery based techniques involve:
identifying recurrent negative images which they have formed early during a traumatic experience
42
The information processing model suggests..?
That people with GAD are vigilant or look on for potential threats in their environment - they selectively attend cues to danger.
43
The meta-cognitive model highlights?
the importance of a number of interacting systems that maintain and promote worry
44
What is a 'meta-belief'?
beliefs about ones own beliefs and that of others
45
According to the meta-cognitive model, worry type 1 is considered ________ worry, and type 2 involves beliefs about ___________.
Normal; oneself Type 1 = every day worries eg. will I fail my exam Type 2 = worries about oneself - going crazy with worry
46
What does the Avoidance theory of worry?
that excessive worry is a strategy used by individuals to avoid the anxiety associated with distressing images or underlying fears or concerns.
47
Intolerance of Uncertainty Model argues..?
That situations and events that involve certain outcomes trigger negative emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses with GAD - argues that people with GAD are intolerant to even mild amounts of uncertainty
48
Azapirones is a pharmacological treatment mainly used for...
GAD
49
Neuropsychological model for OCD suggests?
that OCD results from a faliure in the inhibitory pathways in the basal ganglia of the brain, to stop 'behavoural macros' being triggered in response to internal or external stimuli.
50
What does the cognitive model for OCD suggest?
That changes in the brain are a result of the OCD, not the other way around That OCT results from the misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts
51
In OCD, exposure and response prevention entails?
Where a client is exposed to a feared stimuli (e.g. obsessions), and is prevented from utilizing any response (compulsion). Aimed at reducing/eliminating anxiety.
52
In OCD, behavioral experiments entail?
the person is asked to engage in tasks which test the validity of their OCD threat-related beliefs. e.g. Allowing them to have an obsession and realise that not following through with a compulsion, doesn't mean something will happen to their loved one...
53
In OCD, what does cognitive restructuring entail?
Pretty much breaking down their fear, and making them understand how impossible it is... e.g. for someone who has a fear of catching aids off a public bin - explain to them how that isn't possible.
54
What is: Danger Ideation Therapy (DIRT) in OCD?
Psychoeducation for compulsive washers, regarding disease and immune function, and cognitive therapy strategies to reduce patience risk estimates of illness.
55
A wait-list control group is a?
A non-treatment control group while the other group receives treatment - then receive treatment later
56
What is anhedonia?
the inability to experience pleasure in previously pleasurable activities.
57
A ________ is an extension of a diagnosis that furter explains the course, severity, or special features of the disorder..
Specifier | e.g. In MDD a specifier would be the severity - mild/moderate/severe or the number of episodes
58
List some 'catatonic' features'
Movement disturbance (stiffness or too much movement),
59
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder only occurs in ____________, over __ of age, but under ___ years. But under __ for it to be diagnosed as DMDD
Children; 6; 18; 10
60
An alternative subtyping model for depressive disorders suggests that there are three classes of MDD. They are?
Psychotic, melancholic and non-melancholic
61
Unipolar is characterised by..?
...either depressive or manic episodes but not both.
62
Oppositional defiant disorder is seen in _____ and is marked by; chronic misbehavior, marked by belligerence, irritability and defiance
Children
63
A disorder characherised by chronic disregard for the rights of others, with behaviours including: stealing, lying, and being violent , is called?
Conduct disorder
64
A perspective seen in depressed individuals in which they have negative views of themselves, the world and the future, is called?
Negative Cognitive triad
65
Arbitrary inference takes place when...?
a person draws a conclusion in the absence of supporting evidence
66
Magnification and minimisation occur...?
... when a person exaggerates his or her perceived failures, or minimises their achievements.
67
Personalisation entails..?
relating events to oneself in the absence of clear evidence
68
Overgeneralisation occurs when?
.. a person draws a conclusion based on a single event
69
The communication style 'expressed emotion' entails what?
high levels of criticism and hostility, or over-involvement from parents/families.
70
Vagus nerve stimulation involves?
having a small electrical device implanted in the chest wall - increases activity in the hypothalamus and amydgala
71
Bright light therapy involves?
Regular exposure to light of a particular frequency and intensity which is thought to affect levels of melatonin, serotonin and noradrenaline.
72
Behavioural activation entails?
helping clients re-engage in their lives through strategies that act to offset patterns of withdraw and inactivity which contribute to depressive disorders
73
Psychodynamic therapy focuses on?
.. uncovering and resolving unconscious conflicts that drive psychological symptoms
74
Bipolar I is defined by ______ episodes
manic
75
Bipolar II is define by ___________ episodes
hypomanic
76
Define 'rapid cycling bipolar disorder'
Diagnosis given when the individual has 4 or more episodes within a single year.
77
Diathesis-Stress model holds that...?
Psychological disorders are an interaction between an underlying vulnerability and a stressful life event
78
The Goal Dysregulation model suggests..?
that manic episodes are triggered by dysregulated goal pursuit which entails the person being excessively involved in the pursuit of goals
79
What is the purpose of Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)?
It is targeted towards reducing disruptions in daily routines and sleep/wake cycles that trigger bipolar episodes. Patients are taught to regulate social rhythems (routines) esp during times of stress.

Psychopathology (9 decks)

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