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Psychopathology > Week 3 - Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Week 3 - Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Recurrent and persistent thoughts are that are intrusive and distressing are..?

A

Obsessions

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2
Q

Repetitive behaviours that the person feels compelled to preform in response to an obsession?

A

Compulsions

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3
Q

Define ‘good or fair insight’ in a person suffering from OCD

A

That the individual recognizes that his/her OCD are not true

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4
Q

What is ‘tourette’s disorder’?

A

TS is characterised by rapid, repetitive and involuntary muscle movements and vocalisations called “tics”, and often involves behavioural difficulties. Tics are experienced as a build up of tension, are irresistible and eventually must be performed. Typically tics increase as a result of tension or stress and decrease with relaxation or concentration on an absorbing task.

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5
Q

Compulsive checking is the most common and prominent feature of OCD, what does this include?

A

Checking of taps, powerpoints, stoves, electrical appliances and door and window locks

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6
Q

Define ‘primary obsessional slowness’

A

When the sufferer carries out everyday activities in a slow precise manner

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7
Q

According to the Neurosychological Model, OCD results from….?

A

a failure of inhibitory pathways in the basal ganglia

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8
Q

According to the Cognitive Model, OCD results from….?

A

Compulsions that are driven by the desire to reduce negative thoughts (e.g. danger etc) and seek safety from ‘potential’ harm.

Most observed differences in a sufferers brain are caused by having OCD rather than the cause of it.

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9
Q

List some forms of treatment for OCD

A
  • Cognitive Based Therapy (CBT) - exposure based tasks, behavioural experiments etc.
  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Danger Ideation Reduction therapy (DIRT)
  • Pharmacological Therapy
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10
Q

List some characteristics of anxiety disorders

A
  • Unwelcome and persistent symptoms of anxiety and fear
  • Excessive avoidance and escape
  • Clinically significant distress and impairment
  • affective, cognitive, somatic and behavioural elements
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11
Q

______ _______ are the hallmark of anxiety disorders.

A

False alarms

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12
Q

Anxiety is a _________ _________ mood state

A

future orientated

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13
Q

Does anxiety:

  1. Come on quickly and only lasts for a short period of time
  2. Is constantly on there- doesn’t really come then go
A
  1. Is constantly on there- doesn’t really come then go
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14
Q

Does Panic:

  1. Come on quickly and only lasts for a short period of time
  2. Is constantly on there- doesn’t really come then go
A
  1. Come on quickly and only lasts for a short period of time
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15
Q

List the different types of factors that cause anxiety

A
  • Biological (genes, hormones, BIS)
  • Psychological (childhood experiences, bad experiences with conditioning and modeling etc) and cognitions (neg beliefs about the world)
  • Social contributions (vulnerabilities, stressful life events)
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16
Q

What three vulnerabilities are in the ‘triple vulnerability model’? (Barlow, 2002)

A
  • biological (genes)
  • generalised psychological (beliefs)
  • specific psychological (conditioning etc)
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17
Q

List the 4 major symptoms of PTSD

A

Re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, negative changes in cognition’s and moods and marked alterations in arousal (super jumpy, lack of concentration etc)

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18
Q

Is PTSD a common occurring form of anxiety?

A

No. It’s very rare.

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19
Q

According to the cognitive models of PTSD, there are three important in determining development of the disorder, These include:

A
  • Maladaptive appraisals or interpretations of the traumatic event - e.g. “I’m weak because I did noting”
  • The persons response to the event - “I’m worthless because I’m not coping better”
  • The environment after the trauma - “I can never feel safe again”
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20
Q

define the biological accounts of PTSD

A

Extreme sympathetic arousal at the time of a traumatic event result in the release of neurochemicals into the cortex which causes conditioning of fear responses with associated memories

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21
Q

List the treatments for PTSD

A
  • Psychoeducation - providing info about common symptoms and legitimizing the trauma reactions are normal
  • Anxiety management techniques - providing coping skills
  • Cognitive restructuring - teaching patience to identify/change their beliefs about the trauma
  • Prolonged images exposure - exposure to traumatic images for extended periods of time
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22
Q

Name the best prevention technique for PTSD

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - when it’s implemented early!

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23
Q

Anxiety is characterised by:

A
  • distressing emotions
  • physical symptoms
  • cognitions
  • and behaviours to escape avoidance
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24
Q

Define a negative reinforcement

A

Increasing the frequency of a behaviour through the removal of an averse (dislike) experience

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25
Q

When do “specific phobias” usually occur?

A

In childhood and are more common in children than adults

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26
Q

Define ‘in vivo’ exposure

A

Behaviour therapy where the person is exposed to their phobia in real life instead of ‘imaginal exposure’

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27
Q

A behavioral technique where in which a client is intense exposed to a feared object until their anxiety diminishes is called?

A

Flooding

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28
Q

The theory that evolution has prepared people to be easily conditioned to fear objects or situations that were dangerous in prehistoric times, is called?

A

Prepared classical conditioning

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29
Q

What is exposure therapy?

A

when someone with a phobia gradually faces the phobic stimulus in real life

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30
Q

What is imaginal exposure?

A

when someone faces computer generated virtual realities

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31
Q

What is Extinction in regards to exposure therapy?

A

Through exposure therapy, the conditioned fear response gradually decreases

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32
Q

People with generalized biological vulnerability….

A

React more strongly to everyday stressors, triggering alarm reaction at lower intensities of stress

33
Q

A person who has anxiety sensitivity have…?

A

fear of arousal-related sensations in their body stemming from the belief that those body sensations are dangerous

34
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants are?

A

a class of antidepressants such as imipramine and amitriptyline

35
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs do what?

A

inhibit the reuptake of serotonin

36
Q

Drugs such as Valuim and Xanax are..?

A

Benzodiazepines

37
Q

what does interoceptive exposure entail?

A

exposing an individual with panic disorder, to the physical sensations of a panic attack

38
Q

Cognitive restructuring entails…

A

changing someones false beliefs about a thing or a situation

39
Q

Behavioural experiments are preformed to…

A

..directly challenge negative cognition’s. It’s a cognitive technique where a person participates in an activity in order to test the accuracy of their beliefs

40
Q

Safety behaviors are defined as..?

A

Subtle avoidance behavior used as a misguided attempt to prevent a fear from coming true

41
Q

Imagery based techniques involve:

A

identifying recurrent negative images which they have formed early during a traumatic experience

42
Q

The information processing model suggests..?

A

That people with GAD are vigilant or look on for potential threats in their environment - they selectively attend cues to danger.

43
Q

The meta-cognitive model highlights?

A

the importance of a number of interacting systems that maintain and promote worry

44
Q

What is a ‘meta-belief’?

A

beliefs about ones own beliefs and that of others

45
Q

According to the meta-cognitive model, worry type 1 is considered ________ worry, and type 2 involves beliefs about ___________.

A

Normal; oneself

Type 1 = every day worries eg. will I fail my exam
Type 2 = worries about oneself - going crazy with worry

46
Q

What does the Avoidance theory of worry?

A

that excessive worry is a strategy used by individuals to avoid the anxiety associated with distressing images or underlying fears or concerns.

47
Q

Intolerance of Uncertainty Model argues..?

A

That situations and events that involve certain outcomes trigger negative emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses with GAD
- argues that people with GAD are intolerant to even mild amounts of uncertainty

48
Q

Azapirones is a pharmacological treatment mainly used for…

A

GAD

49
Q

Neuropsychological model for OCD suggests?

A

that OCD results from a faliure in the inhibitory pathways in the basal ganglia of the brain, to stop ‘behavoural macros’ being triggered in response to internal or external stimuli.

50
Q

What does the cognitive model for OCD suggest?

A

That changes in the brain are a result of the OCD, not the other way around
That OCT results from the misinterpretation of intrusive thoughts

51
Q

In OCD, exposure and response prevention entails?

A

Where a client is exposed to a feared stimuli (e.g. obsessions), and is prevented from utilizing any response (compulsion). Aimed at reducing/eliminating anxiety.

52
Q

In OCD, behavioral experiments entail?

A

the person is asked to engage in tasks which test the validity of their OCD threat-related beliefs. e.g. Allowing them to have an obsession and realise that not following through with a compulsion, doesn’t mean something will happen to their loved one…

53
Q

In OCD, what does cognitive restructuring entail?

A

Pretty much breaking down their fear, and making them understand how impossible it is… e.g. for someone who has a fear of catching aids off a public bin - explain to them how that isn’t possible.

54
Q

What is: Danger Ideation Therapy (DIRT) in OCD?

A

Psychoeducation for compulsive washers, regarding disease and immune function, and cognitive therapy strategies to reduce patience risk estimates of illness.

55
Q

A wait-list control group is a?

A

A non-treatment control group while the other group receives treatment - then receive treatment later

56
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

the inability to experience pleasure in previously pleasurable activities.

57
Q

A ________ is an extension of a diagnosis that furter explains the course, severity, or special features of the disorder..

A

Specifier

e.g. In MDD a specifier would be the severity - mild/moderate/severe or the number of episodes

58
Q

List some ‘catatonic’ features’

A

Movement disturbance (stiffness or too much movement),

59
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder only occurs in ____________, over __ of age, but under ___ years. But under __ for it to be diagnosed as DMDD

A

Children; 6; 18; 10

60
Q

An alternative subtyping model for depressive disorders suggests that there are three classes of MDD. They are?

A

Psychotic, melancholic and non-melancholic

61
Q

Unipolar is characterised by..?

A

…either depressive or manic episodes but not both.

62
Q

Oppositional defiant disorder is seen in _____ and is marked by; chronic misbehavior, marked by belligerence, irritability and defiance

A

Children

63
Q

A disorder characherised by chronic disregard for the rights of others, with behaviours including: stealing, lying, and being violent , is called?

A

Conduct disorder

64
Q

A perspective seen in depressed individuals in which they have negative views of themselves, the world and the future, is called?

A

Negative Cognitive triad

65
Q

Arbitrary inference takes place when…?

A

a person draws a conclusion in the absence of supporting evidence

66
Q

Magnification and minimisation occur…?

A

… when a person exaggerates his or her perceived failures, or minimises their achievements.

67
Q

Personalisation entails..?

A

relating events to oneself in the absence of clear evidence

68
Q

Overgeneralisation occurs when?

A

.. a person draws a conclusion based on a single event

69
Q

The communication style ‘expressed emotion’ entails what?

A

high levels of criticism and hostility, or over-involvement from parents/families.

70
Q

Vagus nerve stimulation involves?

A

having a small electrical device implanted in the chest wall - increases activity in the hypothalamus and amydgala

71
Q

Bright light therapy involves?

A

Regular exposure to light of a particular frequency and intensity which is thought to affect levels of melatonin, serotonin and noradrenaline.

72
Q

Behavioural activation entails?

A

helping clients re-engage in their lives through strategies that act to offset patterns of withdraw and inactivity which contribute to depressive disorders

73
Q

Psychodynamic therapy focuses on?

A

.. uncovering and resolving unconscious conflicts that drive psychological symptoms

74
Q

Bipolar I is defined by ______ episodes

A

manic

75
Q

Bipolar II is define by ___________ episodes

A

hypomanic

76
Q

Define ‘rapid cycling bipolar disorder’

A

Diagnosis given when the individual has 4 or more episodes within a single year.

77
Q

Diathesis-Stress model holds that…?

A

Psychological disorders are an interaction between an underlying vulnerability and a stressful life event

78
Q

The Goal Dysregulation model suggests..?

A

that manic episodes are triggered by dysregulated goal pursuit which entails the person being excessively involved in the pursuit of goals

79
Q

What is the purpose of Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)?

A

It is targeted towards reducing disruptions in daily routines and sleep/wake cycles that trigger bipolar episodes. Patients are taught to regulate social rhythems (routines) esp during times of stress.

Psychopathology (9 decks)

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