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Psychopathology > Week 2 - Conceptual Issues in Psychology > Flashcards

Week 2 - Conceptual Issues in Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘statistical rarity’

A
  • People who possess a characteristic that is rarely found in society
  • These can be either positive or negative characteristics
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2
Q

Define ‘deviance of norm violation’

A

Behavior that isn’t socially unacceptable/abnormal

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3
Q

Define ‘distress’

A
  • When abnormal behaviors cause distress to the person

- These people tend to seek treatment

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4
Q

Define ‘dysfunction’

A
  • When the behavior gets in the way of properly functioning in everyday life
  • The behaviour is manipulative
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5
Q

Definition of a ‘mental disorder’

A

Abnormal behaviour that is:

  • statistically rare
  • unacceptable to society
  • cause of distress
  • maladaptive
  • stems from an underlying dysfunction
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6
Q

Name Wakefield’s 1999 analysis

A

Harmful dysfunction

- that the concept of mental disorders has both a dysfunction (factual) component and a harmful (value) component

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7
Q

What does the factual (dysfunction) component specify?

Wakefield, 1999

A

That there is an internal dysfunction present

- an internal function failed to develop/carry over during evolution

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8
Q

What does the internal (value) component specify?

Wakefield, 1999

A

It helps instances of mental disorder from instances of social deviance, non conformity or crime

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9
Q

According to Wakefields (1999) approach - for an internal dysfunction to qualify as a mental disorder………..

A

… the mental disorder needs to be causing harm to the individual

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10
Q

Hippocrates believed that mental and physical health required the balance of WHAT 4 humors/fluids in the body

A
  • blood (mood)
  • yellow bile - choler (aggression)
  • black bile - melancholia
  • phlegm (energy)
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11
Q

Paracelsus (16th cent) proposed WHAT 3 classes of mental illness?

A
  • vesania - caused by poisons
  • lunacy - influenced by phases of the moon
  • insanity - heredity
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12
Q

What was Louis Pasteur’s theory?

A

Germ theory

-tiny creatures, invisible to the naked eye could invade the body and cause illness

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13
Q

‘general paralysis of the insane’ was caused by..?

A

The bacterium ‘treponema pallida’ - the main agent in syphilis

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14
Q

Who found the part of the brain which is involved in the production of speech?

A

Pierre P. Broca

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15
Q

What is ‘expressive aphasia’?

A

The inability to produce meaningful speech

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16
Q

Who found the part of the brain which is involved in understanding speech?

A

Carl Wernicke

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17
Q

What is ‘receptive aphasia’?

A

The inability to understand speech

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18
Q

Emil Kraepelin distinguished WHAT two mental illnesses?

A 
Manic-depressive psychosis (now bipolar) and;
Dementia praecox (now schizophrenia)
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19
Q

What was electroconvulsive therapy used for?

A

The treatment of mood disorders.
Involved causing brain seizures by passing an electrical current through the patients brain
It had a “calming effect”

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20
Q

Define ‘Psychosurgery’

A

Biological treatment, like a lobotomy for psychological disorders
-involves severing the neural fibers connecting to the prefrontal cortex

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21
Q

Contemporary biological perspectives focus on..?

A

.. uncovering the interactions between behavior and biological functions (and how they influence each other)

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22
Q

What are the two main theories that the Contemporary biological perspective focuses on in trying to identify the causes of mental disorders?

A
  1. Structural brain abnormalities and, 2. Neurochemical imbalances

Main causes are theorised as being: a persons genetic makeup and any experienced trauma affecting the nervous system

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23
Q

What are psychopharmacological treatments?

A

The use of drugs to treat psychological disturbances

- high risk or relapse though

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24
Q

Define the psychological Approach

A

theories that explain abnormality in terms of psychological factors. e,g disturbed personality, ways of thinking etc

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25
Q

How does psychotherapy work?

A

It’s a treatment for abnormality which consists of discussion of the clients symptoms

26
Q

What is the id?

A
  • most primitive part of the unconscious

- drives and impulses

27
Q

Humans are proposed to be born with a sexual drive, the __________ was thought to motivate much of human behaviour.

A

Libido

28
Q

Define the ‘Pleasure Principal’

A

Need of instant gratification of its desires, with no use of logic , reality etc

29
Q

What is the ego?

A

The conscious self

-It channels libido acceptable to the superego and within constructs of reality

30
Q

What is the superego?

A

The part of the brain that develops last

- It operates on the morality principal, based on the values and moral standards of society

31
Q

List the stages of psychosexual development

A 
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
32
Q

Define the defense mechanism ‘Repression’

A

Stopping thoughts from coming into the conscious to avoid the anxiety they cause. The memories are repressed

33
Q

Define the defense mechanism ‘Denial’

A

Reducing anxiety by refusing to admit something

34
Q

Define the defense mechanism ‘Projection’

A

When someone reduces their anxiety by taking their stress out on someone else

35
Q

Define the defense mechanism ‘Rationalisation’

A

Creating a socially acceptable reason for the action

36
Q

Define the defense mechanism ‘Reaction Formation’

A

Acting in a way that is the exact opposite of the impulse they feel

37
Q

Define the defense mechanism ‘Displacement’

A

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses from an unacceptable target to an acceptable one

38
Q

Define the defense mechanism ‘Intellectualisation’

A

Creating an overly logical , rational response to distance themselves from the anxiety provoking emotions

39
Q

Define the defense mechanism ‘regression’

A

Retracting back to an earlier stage of development to avoid anxiety

40
Q

Define the defense mechanism ‘Sublimation’

A

Impulses expressed in ways that are acceptable to society - e.g becoming a footy player

41
Q

Define ‘neurosis’

A

Maladaptive symptoms caused by unconscious conflict and it’s anxiety

42
Q

Define ‘psycoses’

A

State involving a loss of contact with reality - experiences of delusions and hallucinations

43
Q

What happens in ‘transference’?

A

When patients get angry or irritated with their analyst out of frustration with someone else from an earlier stage of life

44
Q

What happens in ‘coundertransference’?

A

When the therapist transfers their feelings from their past onto the patient

45
Q

Define the theory of ‘object relations’

A

The people whom individuals are attached to. E.g. a baby to its mother

46
Q

Who came up with the ‘object relations’ theory?

A

Margaret Mahler

47
Q

Define ‘separation-individualisation’ by Margaret Mahler

A

The crucial process of developing a separate sense if self

48
Q

Define ‘separation-individualisation’ by Carol Gilligan

A

Crucial in the development of the superego - Important in the development if masculinity

49
Q

According to the behavioural perspective, both normal and abnormal behaviour is a product of…?

A

Learning

50
Q

Define ‘Adversion Therapy’

A

Pairing an unpleasant stimulus with a maladaptive source of pleasure. E.g. Giving an alcoholic medication which will make them sick every time the drink alcohol

51
Q

Define ‘Systematic desensitization’

A

Gradually exposing someone to images of something they’re afraid of to help ease their anxiety in the long run - by desensitizing them to the stimuli

52
Q

Define ‘token economics’

A

When people get awards for showing desired behaviours - these awards can also be held back for bad behaviours

53
Q

List Albert Ellis’ ABC model

A

A - is the event
B - is the persons interpretation of the event
C - is the persons reactions to the event

54
Q

Define the ‘cognitive perspective’

A

Theories which focus on dysfunctional ways of thinking as the cause of abnormal behaviour

55
Q

Aaron Beck believed that specific types of psychological disorders were associated with…?

A

…certain specific thinking patterns

56
Q

According to Aaron Beck, what is Black an White thinking?

A

People who see things at one extreme or another, with no middle ground

57
Q

According to Aaron Beck, setting ________ _________ was a negative pattern of thoughts, associated with causing depression.

A

Unrealistic expectations

58
Q

Define ‘Selective attention’

A

An adaptive process that enables us to process information that is most important, while ignoring other distractions in the process

59
Q

When clients are assisted by their therapists to change dysfunctional patterns of thinking by testing alternate interpretations, this is called…..

A

Cognitive restructuring

60
Q

Who came up with the theory of ‘self-actualisation’?

A

Carl Rogers

61
Q

Define ‘self-actualisation’

A

According to Carl Rogers, people who build talents and live according to their own values are/become self-actualised.. This is also influenced by how much unconditional positive regard the person gets as a child

62
Q

What is ‘Unconditional Positive Regard’?

A

When someone is fully accepted, without judgement of their feelings and behaviours

Psychopathology (9 decks)

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