Week 4 Growth and Development Flashcards
define growth
define development
growth: physical changes that occur over time
development: process of adapting to one’s environment over time
What is the proximodistal pattern
what is an example
begins at the center of the body and moves outward
an infant begins to focus his/her eyes, then lifts head, later pushes up and rolls over
Who developed the developmental task theory and what is the basic concept of it
Havighurst; learning is lifelong process and failure to master a task leads to difficulty mastering future tasks and interacting with others
Who developed the psychoanalytic theory
what is the basic concept of it
Freud
personality consists of id, ego, and superego
Who developed the cognitive development theory
what is the basic concept of it
piaget
3 stages: adaptation, assimilation and accommodation which a child must complete before moving on to the next stage
Who developed the psychosocial development theory
what is the basic concept of it
Erikson
individuals negotiate 8 stages as the progress through life span
What stage are infants in according to Erikson
What do they experience at this stage?
trust vs. mistrust
if needs are dependable met, infants develop a sense of basic trust
what stage are early childhood children in according to Erikson
what do they experience at this stage
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
what stage are preschoolers in according to erikson
what do they experience at this stage
initiative vs guilt
preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent
what stage are school aged children in according to erikson
what do they experience at this stage
industry vs. inferiority
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior
what stage are adolescents in according to erikson
what do they experience at this stage
identity vs. role confusion
teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity or they become confused about who they are
What stage are young adults in according to erikson
what do they experience at this stage
intimacy vs. isolation
young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
What stage are middle adults in
what do they experience at this stage
generativity vs. stagnation
the middle aged discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
According to erikson, what happens during maturity (older adult) phase
ego integrity vs. despair
when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
Who developed the moral development theory
lawrence kohlberg and carol gilligan
Who developed the spirtual development theory
what is the basic concept of it
Fowler
theory of faith development
What weeks are considered the embryonic phase
the first 8 weeks
When does the embryo become a fetus
by the end of the 8th week after all the organs are formed
What happens during the second trimester
rapid fetal growth and further development of the body systems
What are teratogens
what are examples
substances that interfere with normal growth and development
Ex: alcohol, nicotine, morphine, cocaine, crack, methamphetamine
What are some of the potential risks that maternal age can present with both adolescents and over 40
Adolescence = preterm birth, low birth weight and fetal death is higher
over 40 = risk of fetal death and trisomy 21 and other congenital anomalies increase each year over age 35 especially after 42
Vitamins and minerals for pregnant women are ______ % higher than for a non pregnant woman
25 to 50%
pregnant women should increase their caloric intake by how much
10 to 15%
What is a consequence of inadequate protein in pregnancy
affects formation of the placenta and fetal brain development; crucial for baby’s growth throughout pregnancy
How much should pregnant women increase their folic acid intake and why
499 mcg daily; reduces the risk of neural tube defects (spina bifida)
Screening during pregnancy is also done for complications of pregnancy such as what
- birth defects
- blood markers and ultrasound screening (neural tube defects, trisomy 21, abdominal wall defects)
- gestational diabetes
- Group B strep (35-37 weeks)
What are the critical adaptations during the neonatal period (birth to 28 days)
- establishment of respiration (most critical; at birth)
- independent circulation
- thermoregulation (keeping warm and dry with cap)
- production of urine (void 5-25 times during first 24 hrs)
- bowel function
- reflexes at birth
What are three common health problems related to birth in the neonate
- caput succedaneum: edema of scalp from head compression against cervix; fixed in 1-3 days
- fracture of clavicle: occurs with breech position or when shoulder gets stuck; no intervention needed
- birth asphyxia: results from cord prolapse, placental abruption, interruption of blood supply between baby and placenta, or delay in infant respiration
What are the categories for APGAR
what score indicates fetal well being (high or low)
Breathing, heart rate, muscle tone, grimace, skin color at 1 min and then at 5 mins
a high score indicates fetal well being
What does the 1 minute APGAR score indicate
What does the 5 minute APGAR score indicate
1 min indicates how well the baby tolerated the birthing process
5 min indicates how well the baby is adapting to the new environment
what is the rooting reflex
stroking an infants cheek will cause a newborn to turn head toward stimulus
what is the moro or startle reflex
placing infant on flat surface and striking the surface to startle infant. symmetrical abduction and extension of arms are expected as an indicator of overall neurological health
What is the babinski reflex
stroking upward along the lateral aspect of the sole; positive response occurs when toes hyperextend and great toe dorsiflexes
reflex disappears when infant begins to walk
What are common health problems of the infant
- crying and colic
- failure to thrive
- dental caries
- abuse and neglect
- unintentional injury (automobile accidents)
- SIDS
What is the number one priority assessment/intervention for the infant
safety
what are the common health problems for a toddler
- unintentional injury (drowning)
- infections
- immz
- toilet training
What should interventions and assessments be focused on for toddlers
health promotion and disease prevention and safety
What are the common health problems for a preschooler
- similar to toddler
- communicable diseases
- poisoning
- enuresis (bed wetting)
- child abuse
What is the most important assessment for a preschooler and why
safety because the preschool child is mobile and involved in active play, accidents increase
What are some safety hazards that a preschooler may have
stranger danger and importance of seat belts and car seats
What are some common health problems for school aged children (6-12)
- obesity
- asthma
- falls (most common nonfatal injury)
- need to wear helmets
What is a key developmental part of adolescence (12-18 years)
- marks transition from child to adult
they establish their own identity; driven by the need to belong to a group
What are common health problems for adolescents
- substance abuse
- driving
- depression
- suicide
- eating disorders
- overweight/obesity
- risky sexual behavior
What are common health problems for the young adult (19 to 40 years)
- STIs
- substance abuse and intimate partner violence
- obesity
What are the common health problems for middle adulthood (40 to 64 years)
- cancer
- obesity
- diabetes
- hypertension
- cardiovascular disease
What are the options for housing for older adults
Briefly explain each
- aging in place: live in their own residence and receive supportive services for their changing needs
- age friendly residences: accommodations made to the physical structures
- age friendly communities: emphasized older people’s continuing participation in social, economic, cultural, spiritual and civic affairs
- naturally occurring retirement communities:
- retirement communities: services such as home maintenance and repair
- continuing care retirement communities or life care communities: offer wide range of living accommodation from residential living (cottages, cluster homes, apartments)
- assisted living facilities: provide coordinate personal services, 24 hour supervision and assistance
- nursing homes: provide skilled and unskilled nursing care for older adults with disabilities
Explain the four theories of aging
- wear and tear - repeated insults and accumulation of metabolic wastes eventually cause cells to wear out and cease functioning
- genetic - time of naturally occurring death is determined at birth
- cellular malfunction - a malfunction in the cell causes changes in cellular DNA, leading to problems with cell replication
- autoimmune reaction - cell change with age; over time changes result in immune system’s perceiving some cells as foreign substances and triggering an immune response to destroy the cells
What age is considered older adulthood
begins at age 65
What are the ages for young old, middle old, and oldest old
What are the developmental challenges for each
young: 65-74; physical and psychological adaptation to retirement
middle: 75-84; increasingly solitary, sedentary lifestyle
oldest: above 85; sensory impairments, oral health, inadequate nutritional intake, and functional limitations
What are the common health problems of the older adult
- heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes
- osteoporosis
- Alzheimer’s disease (primary form of dementia)
What are some other health problems of the aging adult
- polypharmacy (use of multiple meds)
- depression
- elder abuse
- ageism
What are examples of ADLs and IADLs
ADL: bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding
IADLs: shopping, using the phone, housekeeping, managing, money, preparing food, managing one’s meds
What is the most important intervention for all older adults
promoting cognitive function
do this by providing activities and materials that are engaging and involve some degree of cognitive processing
