Week 4 (EXAM 1) Flashcards
Describe the organization of the PNS (sensory and motor)
Describe the process of sensory input and motor output
What are the somatic sensory senses?
What are the visceral sensory senses?
What are the efferent components of somatic and visceral motor?
What are spinal nerves? How do they form?
Where does the spinal cord end?
List the rami
How does a nerve plexus form? How many are there? What are the advantages?
Describe the cervical plexus
Describe the brachial plexus
Describe the lumbar plexus
Describe the sacral plexus
Which plexus is the musculocutaneous nerve from? What muscles does it innervate? Where is the sensory portion?
Which plexus is the median nerve from? What muscles does it innervate? Where is the sensory portion?
Which plexus is the ulnar nerve from? What muscles does it innervate? Where is the sensory portion?
Which plexus is the radial/axillary nerve from? What muscles does it innervate? Where is the sensory portion?
Which plexus is the femoral nerve from? What muscles does it innervate? Where is the sensory portion?
Which plexus is the common fibular nerve from? What muscles does it innervate? Where is the sensory portion?
Which plexus is the obturator nerve from? What muscles does it innervate? Where is the sensory portion?
Which plexus is the tibial nerve from? What muscles does it innervate? Where is the sensory portion?
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the thoracodorsal nerve?
latissimus dorsi: Adducts and internally rotates humerus
C6, C7, C8
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the subscapular nerve?
subscapularis: Internally rotates humerus
Teres major: internally rotate and adduct humerus
C5, C6, C7
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the suprascapular nerve?
supraspinatus: abducts humerus
Infraspinatus: externally rotate humerus
C5, C6
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the medial pectoral nerve?
Pec major (sternal head): adducts and medially rotates arm
Pec minor: depress scapula and pulls shoulder forward
C6, C7, C8, T1
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the lateral pectoral nerve?
pec major (clavicular head): pulls shoulder forward
C5, C6
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the long thoracic nerve?
Serratus anterior: fixes scapula on arm side
C5, C6, C7
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the dorsal scapular nerve?
rhomboids: draw scapula up and in
Levator scapulae: elevates scapula
C4, C5
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the phrenic nerve?
diaphragm: inspiration
C3, C4, C5
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the spinal accessory nerve?
trapezius: elevates shoulder/arm and fixes scapula
CN XI, C3, C4
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the posterior interosseous nerve?
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the anterior interosseous nerve?
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the sciatic nerve?
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the superficial peroneal nerve?
peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis
Plantar flexes and everts foot
L5, S1
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the deep peroneal nerve?
Tibialis anterior: dorsiflexes and everts foot
Peroneus tertius: plantar flexes, everts foot
Extensor digitorum longus and hallucis longus: extends phalanges and dorsiflexes foot / extends great toe and helps in dorsiflexion
L4, L5, S1
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the superior gluteal nerve?
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, TFL
Abducts and medially rotates thigh
L4, L5, S1
What are the nerve roots, muscle(s), and functions for the inferior gluteal nerve?
gluteus maximus: extends, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh
L5, S1, S2
Label the dermatomes
Label the peripheral nerves
Explain spinal region vs peripheral nerve lesions
List the UE myotomes
UE:
* C1/C2: neck flexion/extension
* C3: Lateral Neck Flexion
* C4: shoulder elevation
* C5: Shoulder abduction and external rotation; elbow flexion
* C6: Wrist Extension and Elbow flexion
* C7: Elbow extension and Wrist flexion
* C8: Thumb extension and finger flexion
* T1: Finger Abduction & Adduction
list the LE myotomes
LE:
* L1/L2: Hip Flexion
* L3: Knee extension
* L4: Ankle dorsi-flexion
* L5: Great toe extension
* S1: Hip extension/Ankle plantar-flexion/ankle eversion
* S2: Knee flexion
* S3–S4: anal wink; bladder and rectum motor supply
Define radioculopathy
refers to a condition caused by compression, inflammation, or damage to a spinal nerve root as it exits the spinal cord. This can result in pain, weakness, numbness, or tingling sensations radiating along the specific nerve root’s dermatomal or myotomal distribution.
Radiculopathy (common for C6, C7, L5, S1 nerve roots)
− loss of reflexes and motor strength in a radicular distribution
− a burning, tingling pain that radiates or shoots down a limb in the dermatome of the affected nerve root
List the weakness, reflex affected, body region with sensory abnormality, disc involved, and approximate percentage amongst all cervical radioculopathies if it affects nerve root of C5
Main weakness: Deltoid, infraspinatus, biceps
Reflex decreased: biceps, pectoralis
Body region with sensory abnormality: shoulder, upper arm
Usual disc involved: C4-5
Percentage: 7%
List the weakness, reflex affected, body region with sensory abnormality, disc involved, and approximate percentage amongst all cervical radioculopathies if it affects nerve root of C6
Main weakness: wrist extensors, biceps
Reflex decreased: biceps, brachioradialis
Body region with sensory abnormality: first and second fingers, lateral forearm
Usual disc involved: C5-6
Percentage: 18%
List the weakness, reflex affected, body region with sensory abnormality, disc involved, and approximate percentage amongst all cervical radioculopathies if it affects nerve root of C7
Main weakness: Triceps
Reflex decreased: triceps
Body region with sensory abnormality: third fingers
Usual disc involved: C6-7
Percentage: 46%
List the weakness, reflex affected, body region with sensory abnormality, disc involved, and approximate percentage amongst all lumbosacral radioculopathies if it affects nerve root of L4
Main weakness: illiopsoas, quads
Reflex decreased: patellar tendon (knee jerk)
Body region with sensory abnormality: knee, medial lower leg
Usual disc involved: L3-4
Percentage: 3-10%
List the weakness, reflex affected, body region with sensory abnormality, disc involved, and approximate percentage amongst all lumbosacral radioculopathies if it affects nerve root of L5
Main weakness: foot dorsiflexion, big toe extension, foot eversion, inversion
Reflex decreased: none
Body region with sensory abnormality: dorsum of foot, big toe
Usual disc involved: L4-5
Percentage: 40-45%
List the weakness, reflex affected, body region with sensory abnormality, disc involved, and approximate percentage amongst all lumbosacral radioculopathies if it affects nerve root of S1
Main weakness: foot plantar flexion
Reflex decreased: achilles tendon (ankle jerk)
Body region with sensory abnormality: lateral foot, small toe, sole
Usual disc involved: L5-S1
Percentage: 45-50%
What are the causes of injury to peripheral nerves?
What are the types of peripheral neuropathies?
What are the classifications of neuropathies?
What are the steps of traumatic myelinopathy?
Describe mononeuropathy and provide example conditions
Describe polyneuropathy
What is an example condition of demyelination
Describe diabetic polyneuropathy
List the pathology, etiology, speed of onset, signs & symptoms, sensory and autonomic effects of diabetic polyneuropathy
List the motor, cranial nerves, region affected, demographics, and prognosis for diabetic polyneuropathy
Describe the tiers of structural involvement in a PNS injury
What are the clinical signs for peripheral neuropathy? How do you gather evidence it?
What are the signs and symptoms of mononeuropathy?
What do clinical tests assess in peripheral neuropathy?
How does a nerve conduction test differ in neurapraxia vs axontmesis?
Describe peripheral vs central nervous system dysfunction
What is the treatment process for a peripheral neuropathy?
