Week 12 Flashcards
Label and explain
What are the nuclei of basal ganglia?
Label
Label
What are the components of the basal ganglia system?
Label
What are the components of substantia nigra?
What structures of the basal ganglia system are responsible for input, output?
Label and explain
Label (output)
What are the motor circuit pathways?
What are the main neurotransmitters (intrinsic and extrinsic) in the motor circuits?
Label and explain which is intrinsic vs extrinsic
What are the five BG circuitries?
Label and explain
Label and explain
Label and explain
Label and explain
label and explain
Label the cortical target areas receiving BG outputs
What do the 5 BG circuits do?
What are the 3 motor pathways?
Label pathway and explain
Label pathway and explain
Label pathway and explain
What is the net effect of the direct pathway, and indirect pathway?
How does dopamine control affect movement?
D2 explanation: In the D2 pathway, the motor cortex also excites the putamen, but dopamine binds to D2 receptors, which inhibits the GABAergic neurons that would normally inhibit the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe). As a result, the GPe becomes more active and sends stronger inhibitory signals to the subthalamic nucleus (STN). This inhibits the STN, leading to reduced excitation of the GPi. With less input from the STN, the GPi becomes less active, reducing its inhibition of the thalamus. This disinhibits the thalamus, allowing it to activate the motor cortex and promote movement. So, although the indirect pathway is generally movement-suppressing, dopamine reverses that, helping facilitate movement.
(So without dopamine, the indirect pathway suppresses movement, especially unwanted or competing movements. with dopamine, it facilitates it)
Label effects of dopamine
Label effects of dopamine
Explain motor circuits disinhibition
Label and explain tonic inhibition
What structure regulate voluntary muscle activity, postural and girdle muscle activity, and walking?
Explain hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders
Explain Parkinson’s disease
What is the net effect due to Parkinson’s disease?
Label the effects of overactive GPi
What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
What are the stages of Parkinson’s disease?
What are the treatment options for Parkinson’s disease?
Explain hyperkinetic disorders
Explain Huntington’s disease
What is the pathway and net effect that leads to Huntington’s disease?
What is this?
Huntington’s disease
Explain chorea
Explain dystonia
List the pathology, etiology, speed of onset, consciousness, communication and memory, and sensory effects of dystonia
List the autonomic, motor, region affected, demographics, incidence, and prognosis for dystonia
Explain tonic inhibition and the release of dopamine prior to movement
Can D1, D2 pathways be activated by neurotransmitters other than dopamine?
yes, and it will yield different effects
Explain tonic inhibition vs phasic discharge
