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CAM > week 4: energy & energy balance > Flashcards

week 4: energy & energy balance Flashcards

1
Q

what is energy balance?

A

balance in body between amounts of energy consumed (energy intake) & energy expanded (energy output)

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2
Q

what is positive EB?

A

increase in body energy stored & weight gain

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3
Q

what is negative EB?

A

depletion of body energy stored & weight loss

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4
Q

what is energy intake represented by?

A

no. of calories eaten each day

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5
Q

what is EI affected by?

A

appetite

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6
Q

what is appetite?

A

sensation of hunger, satiation & satiety that prompts a person to eat/ not eat

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7
Q

what is the use of calorie (energy expenditure) for?

A
  • to maintain basic body function
  • to power physical activity
  • to process consumed food
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8
Q

what is basal metabolism?

A

the energy needed to accomplish its most basic life-sustaining functions

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9
Q

under what condition must it be to measure BMR?

A
  • fasting for 12hrs
  • sleeping for 8hrs upon wake without any physical activity/ emotional excitement
  • in a comfortable setting
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10
Q

Describe Resting Metabolic Rate

A
  • less restrictive than BMR
  • individual x have to fast
  • x have to get at least 8hrs of sleep in a controlled environment
  • is conducted when individual is asleep
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11
Q

what does REE estimate?

A

the no. of calories a person burn during non-active period

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12
Q

what are the factors that increases BMR? (9 points)

A
  • greater lean body mass
  • larger body surface area
  • thyroid hormones
  • male gender
  • pregnancy
  • stress
  • caffeine & tobacco use
  • body temperature
  • aspects of nervous system act.
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13
Q

what are the factors that decreases BMR (6 points)

A
  • sleep
  • fasting/starvation
  • female gender
  • malnutrition
  • more body fat tissues
  • aging
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14
Q

describe physical activity

A
  • voluntary movement of skeletal muscles & support system

- extra energy is needed for activity

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15
Q

what are the factors that affect energy for PA?

A
  • muscle mass
  • body weight
  • activity (intensity, duration, frequency)
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16
Q

what is energy output - TEF

A

an estimation of the energy required to process food

17
Q

what makes up total energy expenditure (TEE)?

A

Required energy expenditure (REE), physical activity (PA), thermic effect of food (TEF)

18
Q

what are the other factors that affect TEE?

A

adaptative thermogenesis (Physical conditioning, other stress, trauma, starvation, overfeeding, extreme cold)

19
Q

what are the equations used to estimate energy requirement?

A
  • Harris-benedict eqn
  • MIfflin-st. Jear eqn
  • formulae developed by food & nutrition board, USA
20
Q

what is used to measure energy expenditure?

A
  • direct calorimetry

- indirect calorimetry

21
Q

describe direct calorimetry

A
  • a measure of energy expenditure obtained by asessing heat loss
  • measures the amount of heat that is released by the a person
22
Q

what is the principle of direct calorimetry?

A

almost all the energy used by body will leave as heat

23
Q

what is indirect calorimetry

A

a measurement of energy expenditure obtained by assesing oxygen consumption & carbon dioxide production

24
Q

what is BMI used to indicate?

A

disease risk & death rates

25
Q

what are the groups of people who are BMI exceptions?

A

children, adolscent, frail old people, pregnant & lactating women, highly muscular individuals

26
Q

what makes up body weight?

A

fat mass & lean body mass

27
Q

what are the methods to measure body fat?

A
  • body FAT scales
  • a skin fold caliper
  • hand-hold electronic body fat meter
28
Q

describe central obesity/ upper body fat

A
  • characterised by large abdomen
  • more common in men
  • associated with weight-related health problems
29
Q

describe lower body fat around hips and thighs

A
  • less harmful than central obesity

- more common in women

30
Q

what are the health risk associated with abnormal body weight (overweight)

A

hypertension, elevated blood cholestrol, some cancers, type 2 diabetes, stroke, heart disease

31
Q

what are the health risk associated with abnormal body weight (underweight)

A

malnutrition, infertility, osteoporosis, low immunity

CAM (12 decks)

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