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Psychological Foundations of Mental Health > Week 4: Cognition & Emotions: Attitudes > Flashcards

Week 4: Cognition & Emotions: Attitudes Flashcards

1
Q

Are general positive or negative evaluations of objects.

A

Attitudes

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2
Q

Are enduring beliefs about important aspects of life that go beyond specific situations.

A

Values

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3
Q

Attitudes VS Values

A

Attitudes: Concrete & specific
Values: Abstract & generalized

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4
Q

Help us make quick decisions without analyzing every detail.

A

Attitudes

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5
Q

They give us an overall impression of whether we like an object or not.

A

Attitudes

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6
Q

They help us come up with fast answers to complex questions.

A

Attitudes

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7
Q

Ideally help us to approach positive outcomes or to avoid negative outcomes.

A

Attitudes

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8
Q

Functions of Attitudes

A

1) Utilitarian: approach positive, avoid negative
2) Symbolic: affirm values, express social identity, affirm values
3) Practical: help us make quick decisions

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9
Q

Sources of Attitudes

A

1) Mere exposure
2) Learning
3) Culture
4) Stereotypes

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10
Q

The more often people are exposed to an object or subject, the more they like it.

When you see, hear, or otherwise perceive something repeatedly, then it is easier for us to process the information.

People prefer the familiar over the unfamiliar.

Limitations: Only effective for initially neutral or positive stimuli.

A

Mere Exposure

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11
Q

Are beliefs about groups which can be positive or negative and accurate or inaccurate.

A

Stereotypes

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12
Q

Plays a significant role in shaping our attitudes, particularly through concepts like independent and interdependent self.

A

Culture

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13
Q

Source of Attitude that can be shaped by rewards and punishments associated with stimuli.

A

Learning

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14
Q

They help us organise knowledge in an efficient way that saves time and eff ort in making complex decisions and judgement.

A

Attitudes

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15
Q

A good example of attitudes resulting in potentially bad or even dangerous outcomes.

It is a negative eff ect of prejudgment of a group and its individual members.

A

Predjudice

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16
Q

A particularly problematic phenomenon closely related to prejudice

A

Stigmatization and Stigma by Association

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17
Q

A tendency for people to devalue someone because of their association with a stigmatised individual.

A

Stigma by Association

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18
Q

People’s interpretations of events around them

A

Appraisals

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19
Q

Negative stereotypes applied to individuals, often leading to discrimination.

A

Stigma

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20
Q

Are experiences like hearing voices, for instance, or sometimes seeing things that other people can’t see.

And these experiences are actually common and present to different degrees throughout the general population.

A

Psychotic Experiences

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21
Q

It’s not the events that happen to us or the internal experiences that we have that lead us to problems and symptoms of mental health problems. But it’s actually the way in which we think about them.

So it’s the appraisals or the interpretations that we have of the events that happen to us and our internal experiences that lead to problematic outcomes.

A

The Basic Cognitive Model

22
Q

The kind of clinical symptoms that people have are not simply statements of experience.
There’s an appraisal and interpretation stage in between.

A

The Basic Cognitive Model

23
Q

A term used to describe a person’s ability to maintain focus, concentration, and overall mental clarity.

A

Cognitive Grip

24
Q

Perceiving things that aren’t there.

This can involve seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that others can’t.

A

Hallucinations

25
Q

Fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.

They are disturbances in thought content, not perception.

These thoughts persist despite evidence to the contrary.

A

Delusions

26
Q

Feeling sensations in the body that aren’t real, like bugs crawling on the skin.

A

Somatic Hallucinations

27
Q

Feeling touch sensations that aren’t real, like being touched when no one is there.

A

Tactile Hallucinations

28
Q

Smelling things that aren’t there.

A

Olfactory Hallucinations

29
Q

Believing that someone is putting thoughts into your head against your will.

A

Thought Insertion

30
Q

Believing that your thoughts are being taken away from you.

A

Thought Withdrawal

31
Q

Believing that others can hear your thoughts.

A

Thought Broadcasting

32
Q

Feeling detached from your body or emotions.

A

Dissociation

33
Q

Believing that people are following or watching you.

A

Persecutory Delusions

34
Q

Are unusual or extraordinary occurrences that deviate from what is typically considered normal or expected. These experiences often defy easy explanation and can range from the mildly surprising to the profoundly inexplicable.

A

Anomalous Experiences

35
Q

Maladaptive Appraisals

A

1) Intentionalizing
2) Personalizing
3) Internalizing
4) Conspiracy Theories
5) View experiences as more striking, distressing, threatening

36
Q

Attributing an event to someone’s deliberate action.

A

Internalizing

37
Q

Believing a personal connection to an event.

A

Perzonalizing

38
Q

Blaming oneself for an event.

A

Internalizing

39
Q

A famous model that describes how attitudes change in response to information.

According to this model, there are two ways in which people process the information:
1) Central route
2) Peripheral route

A

Elaboration Likelihood Model by Petty and Cacioppo

40
Q

Involves careful consideration of message content and leads to enduring attitude change.

A

Central Route Processing

41
Q

Relies on superficial cues and leads to temporary attitude change.

A

Peripheral Route Processing

42
Q

Motivation & Route Processing

A

High motivation leads to central processing, while low motivation leads to peripheral processing.

43
Q

People hold attitudes that they are not even aware of.

These are evaluations whose origin is unknown to the individual and they aff ect implicit responses.

A

Implicit Attitudes (unconscious)

44
Q

Normal Attitudes.

Evaluations whose origin we know and that eff ect explicit responses.

A

Explicit Attitudes (consious)

45
Q

Simple rules that are used to form an attitude judgement with little cognitive effort.

A

Heuristics

46
Q

Are mental shortcuts used to make quick judgments.

They are not guaranteed to be accurate but often provide a reasonable approach.

A

Heuristics

47
Q

2 Types of Heuristics

A

1) Representation
2) Availability

48
Q

Base attitudes on level of similarity between a target and a population.

A

Representations / Representative Heuristic

49
Q

An event that is easy to remember or imagine seems more likely.

A

Availability Heuristic

50
Q

Are outcomes that are close to winning but ultimately result in a loss.

Creates beliefs that you are more likely to succeed next time.

A

Near win / Near miss

51
Q

Is the belief that a particular outcome is more likely to occur after a series of opposite outcomes.

Limitation: Each attempt is an independent event, and past outcomes do not influence future ones.

A

Gambler’s Fallacy

Psychological Foundations of Mental Health (20 decks)

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