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Psychological Foundations of Mental Health > Week 2: Memory > Flashcards

Week 2: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)

A

This was seen as the definitive description of how the roles of short-term memory and long-term memory were parcellated for a long time.

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2
Q

Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)

A

An early theory suggesting that memory is divided into three main stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

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3
Q

Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)

A

Sensory Stores > Short-Term Store (STS) > Long-Term Store (LTS)

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4
Q

Memory (Shallice & Warrington)

A
  1. Short-term memory and long-term memory do not use the same neural structures as each other.
  2. There can’t be a sequential route from short-term memory to long-term memory
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5
Q

Opposing Routes on Memory

A

Modal Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin): the route to the
long-term memory is always through the short-term memory.
Shallice & Warrington: the route to long-term memory was not necessarily through rehearsal in a short-term store.

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6
Q

Rehearsal

A

The process of repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory and potentially transfer it to long-term memory.

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7
Q

Displacement

A

Refers to the process of pushing out old information from short-term memory (STM) to make room for new information.

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8
Q

Baddely & Hitch (1974)

A

Introduced the first model of working memory

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9
Q

Multiple/Separate Short-Term Stores (Baddely & Hitch)

A

The idea that there might be separate short-term stores for different types of information is introduced.

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10
Q

Model of Working Memory (Braddely & Hitch)

A

Different from short-term memory because it’s not just about storing information temporarily, but also about actively using and manipulating it.

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11
Q

Central Executive

A

Facilitates information processing by organizing the correct type of material into the correct store.

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12
Q

2 Additional Independent Short-Term Stores (Braddely & Hitch)

A

1) Phonological Store or Loop
2) Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad

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13
Q

Phonological Loop (Verbal Working Memory or VWM)

A

This part handles speech-based or verbal information.

Ex. Remembering a phone number

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14
Q

Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad (Spatial Working Memory)

A

This part deals with visual and spatial information.

Ex. Imagining a map or remembering where you left your keys

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15
Q

Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad (Spatial Working Memory)

A

This is used for creating a visual mental image of new items or items from long-term memory that you need online.

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16
Q

Online Manipulation

A

The ability to actively work with information that is currently held in mind. It’s not just storing the information, but doing something with it.

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17
Q

Key Assumptions of the Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)

A

1) If two tasks use the same part of the working memory, they cannot be carried out well.
2) If the two tasks are using different parts, they should be completed accurately.

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18
Q

Broca’s Area

A

A brain region we know to be involved in speech production.

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19
Q

Rhyming

A

Matching sounds at the end of words

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20
Q

Recall

A

Retrieving information from memory

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21
Q

Storage

A

Holding information in memory

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22
Q

Components of Phonological Loop

A

1) Phonological Store
2) Articulatory Loop

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23
Q

Phonological Store

A

Part of the phonological loop that holds spoken sounds

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24
Q

Articulatory Loop

A

Part of the phonological loop that rehearses sounds silently

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25
Q

Left Parietal Lobe

A

Brain region involved in processing sensory information, including language

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26
Q

Left Frontal Lobe

A

Brain region involved in planning, decision-making, and speech production

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27
Q

Left Hemisphere of the Brain

A

Generally dominant for language functions in right-handed individuals.

Plays a more prominent role in processing language, including storing and manipulating sounds of words (phonological memory).

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28
Q

Parietal Regions and Memory

A

Left Parietal Region > Verbal Working Memory
Right Parietal Region > Spatial Working Memory

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29
Q

Priming

A

A psychological phenomenon where exposure to one stimulus influences a response to a subsequent stimulus.

It’s like warming up your brain for a specific task.

30
Q

Priming

A

The activation of visual areas in the brain corresponding to the target item’s location.

31
Q

Visual Cortex

A

The part of the brain responsible for processing visual information.

It’s located in the occipital lobe, at the back of the head.

32
Q

Key Functions of the Visual Cortex

A

1) Receiving visual signals
2) Processing visual information
3) Creating a visual perception

33
Q

Central Executive

A

Decides what information should go into the different stores

34
Q

Central Executive

A

Organizes which store the information should go to

35
Q

Central Executive

A

Used to inspect, transform, and manipulate the information being held in the stores

36
Q

2 Processes of Long-Term Memory

A

1) Explicit Memory (declarative)
2) Implicit Memory (non-declarative)

37
Q

Explicit Memory (declarative)

A

It forms the memories that we can consciously access and explain.

38
Q

Explicit Memory (declarative)

A

Conscious recollection of facts, events, and personal experiences.

39
Q

Explicit Memory (declarative)

A

Memories that we can declare or say out loud.

40
Q

Implicit Memory (non-declarative)

A

It forms memories that we cannot describe or define but consists of long-term memories.

41
Q

Implicit Memory (non-declarative)

A

Learning and retention of skills, habits, and conditioned responses without conscious awareness.

42
Q

Implicit Memory (non-declarative)

A

Memories that are not accessed through any conscious recollection.

43
Q

Priming

A

A good example of implicit memory

44
Q

Priming

A

Within this phenomenon, exposure to some
stimuli might alter participants’ responses to later stimuli, without them explicitly recalling the previous words or knowing that they are affecting their responses

45
Q

Amnesia

A

It refers to a specific problem in long-term memory, without concurrent decline of any other cognitive function.

46
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

The term for loss of memory before the event that caused amnesia.

Extremely rare.

47
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

These cause a loss of the ability to acquire any new memories. And it’s very debilitating, indeed.

More common.

48
Q

Focal Retrograde Amnesia

A

Pure retrograde amnesia without the learning deficits of
anterograde impairments.

Rarely exists without there being a psychiatric origin.

49
Q

Brenda Milner

A

A neuropsychologist who introduced the distinction between implicit and explicit long-term memory by clearly showing for the first time in her study of the most famous neuropsychological patient, HM (who suffered from severe anterograde amnesia).

50
Q

Medial Temporal Lobe

A

This region of the brain is crucial for explicit memory but not for implicit memory.

51
Q

Hippocampus

A

A key structure within the Medial Temporal Lobe, particularly involved in memory formation.

52
Q

Procedural Memory

A

A type of implicit memory involving motor skills and habits.

53
Q

Fractions of Explicit Memory

A

1) Episodic: Events and experiences
2) Semantic: Facts

54
Q

Endel Tulving

A

An experimental psychologist and cognitive neuroscientist who was the person who coined the phrase “episodic” and “semantic memory”.

He studied a patient known as KC (damaged medial temporal lobes bilaterally) who had severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

55
Q

Episodic Memory

A

A part of explicit memory.

Our memories of our personal experiences or personally experienced events.

56
Q

Episodic Memory

A

More reliant on the medial temporal lobe

57
Q

Elements of Episodic Memory

A

The 3 Ws:
What/Who
Where
When

58
Q

Semantic Memory

A

A part of explicit memory.

Our memories of general knowledge and they are context-free.

59
Q

The Case of KC

A

Endel Tulving studied KC who suffered from damage to his medial temporal lobe which resulted in severe retrograde and anterograde amnesia confined to episodic memory.

The study demonstrated that it’s possible to lose episodic memory while retaining semantic knowledge.

60
Q

Varga-Khadem’s Study

A

Found that patients with hippocampal damage exhibited severe episodic memory impairment but preserved semantic knowledge.

61
Q

Loss of Episodic Memory

A

Frequently among the first symptoms of dementia which is exceptionally upsetting and unsettling for patients.

62
Q

Episodic Memory & Sense of Self Self

A

It’s crucial to our sense of ourselves that we have a sense of reexperiencing the events that we recall.

63
Q

Remembering

A

Very much a reconstructive process.

64
Q

Reconstructive Nature of Memory

A

Memories are not exact replicas of past events but are reconstructed based on existing knowledge and expectations.

65
Q

Memory Distortion over Time

A

Memories can change over time due to factors like social influence and rehearsal.

66
Q

Loftus’ Research

A

Demonstrated how misleading information can alter memory, particularly in eyewitness testimonies.

67
Q

False Memories

A

Fabricated memories based on expectations and suggestions.

68
Q

Factors Influencing Memory

A

1) Social Interactions
2) Misleading Information
3) Expectations

69
Q

Wade & colleague’s Study

A

Demonstrated the creation of false episodic memories through manipulated photographs.

70
Q

Hassabis & Maguire’s Study

A

Found that the brain regions involved in recalling real memories are also activated during the creation of imagined events, emphasizing the constructive nature of memory.

Psychological Foundations of Mental Health (20 decks)

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