Week 2: Memory Flashcards
Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
This was seen as the definitive description of how the roles of short-term memory and long-term memory were parcellated for a long time.
Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
An early theory suggesting that memory is divided into three main stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Modal Model of Memory (Atkinson & Shiffrin)
Sensory Stores > Short-Term Store (STS) > Long-Term Store (LTS)
Memory (Shallice & Warrington)
- Short-term memory and long-term memory do not use the same neural structures as each other.
- There can’t be a sequential route from short-term memory to long-term memory
Opposing Routes on Memory
Modal Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin): the route to the
long-term memory is always through the short-term memory.
Shallice & Warrington: the route to long-term memory was not necessarily through rehearsal in a short-term store.
Rehearsal
The process of repeating information to maintain it in short-term memory and potentially transfer it to long-term memory.
Displacement
Refers to the process of pushing out old information from short-term memory (STM) to make room for new information.
Baddely & Hitch (1974)
Introduced the first model of working memory
Multiple/Separate Short-Term Stores (Baddely & Hitch)
The idea that there might be separate short-term stores for different types of information is introduced.
Model of Working Memory (Braddely & Hitch)
Different from short-term memory because it’s not just about storing information temporarily, but also about actively using and manipulating it.
Central Executive
Facilitates information processing by organizing the correct type of material into the correct store.
2 Additional Independent Short-Term Stores (Braddely & Hitch)
1) Phonological Store or Loop
2) Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad
Phonological Loop (Verbal Working Memory or VWM)
This part handles speech-based or verbal information.
Ex. Remembering a phone number
Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad (Spatial Working Memory)
This part deals with visual and spatial information.
Ex. Imagining a map or remembering where you left your keys
Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad (Spatial Working Memory)
This is used for creating a visual mental image of new items or items from long-term memory that you need online.
Online Manipulation
The ability to actively work with information that is currently held in mind. It’s not just storing the information, but doing something with it.
Key Assumptions of the Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)
1) If two tasks use the same part of the working memory, they cannot be carried out well.
2) If the two tasks are using different parts, they should be completed accurately.
Broca’s Area
A brain region we know to be involved in speech production.
Rhyming
Matching sounds at the end of words
Recall
Retrieving information from memory
Storage
Holding information in memory
Components of Phonological Loop
1) Phonological Store
2) Articulatory Loop
Phonological Store
Part of the phonological loop that holds spoken sounds
Articulatory Loop
Part of the phonological loop that rehearses sounds silently
Left Parietal Lobe
Brain region involved in processing sensory information, including language
Left Frontal Lobe
Brain region involved in planning, decision-making, and speech production
Left Hemisphere of the Brain
Generally dominant for language functions in right-handed individuals.
Plays a more prominent role in processing language, including storing and manipulating sounds of words (phonological memory).
Parietal Regions and Memory
Left Parietal Region > Verbal Working Memory
Right Parietal Region > Spatial Working Memory