Week 4 Citations And APA

Answer 1

Question 2

APA Style

Answer 2

American Psychological Association, a.k.a. APA, is standard referencing style used at TCDHA

Question 3

References

Answer 3

Question 4

Plagiarism Rules: Quick Reminder

Answer 4

Paraphrasing: If you use someone’s idea (not their words) and yo add a citation, it is plagiarising.
•Quoting: If you use someone’s words directly and do not cite, it’s plagiarism.
Quoting: If you use someone’s words and you do cite, but you do not
“quotation marks” around the quotes, that is plagiarism.

Question 5

What is a citation?

Answer 5

A way to credit the original source.
(Tells us where you got the info from).

Question 6

What does it consist of? What does it look like?

Answer 6

(the author’s last name, year it was published, page or paragraph number).
Example: (Seip, 2012, p. 4). OR (Seip, 2012, para. 4).

Question 7

Why use a citation? It is…

Answer 7

• academic law.
a way to guide your reader to additional information.
• a way to track your research.
• a way to justify your points and support your ideas with approved evidence.

Question 8

What do you need to create a citation or to cite something?

Answer 8

• The last name of the author or the name of the source (website, editor, etc).
• A fact, thought, set of words, image etc, that you want to use in your work.
• The year the source was published.
• The page OR paragraph (if it is a web based sol where the material can be found.

Question 9

APA Citations
Two main types:

Answer 9

1. Direct quotations
   • Two ways to quote directly (under 40 words)
   • Specific way to quote a section of text that consists of more than 40 words
2. Paraphrasing
   • Putting the author’s words into your own words; no quotation

Question 10

• Whenever you paraphrase, remember these two points:

Answer 10

1. You must provide a reference.
2. The paraphrase must be entirely in your own words. You must do more than merely substitute phrases here and there. You must also completely alter the sentence structure.

Question 11

Paraphrase vs. Quoting

Answer 11

Paraphrase:
•
•
Any idea you had to look up
Information that is not common knowledge
• When you want to summarize a source.
• When you need to convey a broad concept.
Quote:
• Any ideas that you had to look up.
• Information that is not common sense or common knowledge.
. Data, stats, or results from studies or surveys.
• Opinions & quotes by authorities /professionals to validate your own thoughts.
• Quotations that have emotional or strong language that is unique to the author.

Question 12

When Should You Paraphrase?

Answer 12

• When paraphrasing a source
- Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words
• When summarizing facts and ideas from a source
- Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words

Question 13

• Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words.

Answer 13

A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. When paraphrasing an idea, the citation will include authors) and date - page number is not included.

Question 14

Do you know how to paraphrase correctly?

Answer 14

Paraphrasing is more than simply rewording the original material!
~ Your own words
New synonyms and new phrases. Only technical terms should be repeated
Any exact words that are retained should have quotation marks around them
The sentence structure should be yours

Question 15

Summary of Direct Quotations

Answer 15

Johnson (2000) found that “direct quotation from text” (p.
276).
Or
The article states that “direct quotation from text”
(Johnson, 2000, p. 276),
If you don’t have a page number, then count the paragraphs and include para. # rather than p. #

Question 16

How to use Quotations

Answer 16

5 quick steps involved in framing a quote.
1. Introduce the quoted information
2. Integrate the quoted information seamlessly
3. Reproduce the quoted information.
4. Cite the source in parentheses in the same sentence. Remember to include the page, like this (Seip, 2012, p. 4) or the paragraph number like this (Seip, 2012, para.9).
5. Explain the quoted material and relate it back to the paragraph’s topic sentence. Connect the cited information to the overall thesis.

Question 17

Step 1 - Introduce

Answer 17

Introduce the quote with phrases like this:
The author stated that “
….
According to the article “.
Research indicates”

Question 18

Step 2 - Integrate

Answer 18

Using introductions like “the author stated that…” will help with a smooth transition between the intro and quote.
The author stated that “it’s the second time in eight months a child has received morphine by mistake at the hospital” (Huffman & Millar, 1999, para. 3).

Question 19

Step 3 - Reproduce

Answer 19

Keep the quote exactly as it appears in the text.
Only select the part of the quote you want.
Original Quote: It’s the second time in eight months a child has received morphine by mistake at the hospital. Two morphine injections given mistakenly by a pediatric nurse killed 11-month-old Trevor Landry last June 24.
The authors stated that “two morphine injections given mistakenly by a pediatric nurse killed 11-month-old Trevor
Landry” (Huffman & Millar, 1999, para. 3).

Question 20

Step 4 - Cite

Answer 20

Step 4 - Cite
You can cite in two ways: (Note difference between use of and/&)
At the end:
The authors stated that “two morphine injections given mistakenly by a pediatric nurse killed 11-month-old Trevor Landry” (Huffman & Millar, 1999, para. 3).
Or integrated:
Huffman and Millar (1999) state “two morphine injections given mistakenly by a pediatric nurse killed 11-month-old Trevor Landry” (para. 3).
Author name and year at the start. Page or para. at the end

Question 21

Step
5 - Explain

Answer 21

Helpful phrase to use:
This is significant because.
This is important because..
This proves..
This means…

Question 22

Examples of Direct Quotations

Answer 22

Quotations of less than 40 words.:
Stereotpes have been defined as “generalized and usually value-laden impressions that one’s social group uses in characterizing members of another group” (Lindgren, 2001, p.
1617).
OR
1617).
OR
Lindgren (2001) has defined stereotvpes as “generalized and usually value-laden impressions that one’s social group uses in characterizing members of another group” (p. 1617).
RULE: ALWAYS FOLLOW AUTHOR’S NAME WITH THE YEAR

Question 23

Direct Quote More Than 40 Words

Answer 23

If the quotation is over 40 words, you must start the quotatic on a new line, indent the quotation about ½ an inch (or 5 spaces) and get rid of the quotation marks:
Some information about Prince Edward Island follows:
Prince Edward Island is a curved slice of land from three to thirty-five miles wide and about one hundred and twenty miles long, lying along the southern rim of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and separated from the mainland of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by the narrow waters of Northumberland Strait. (Ives, 1999, p. 1)

Question 24

Direct Quotations Check List

Answer 24

Check list:
vIs the quote introduced?
V Is the quote “quoted”?
~ Is the period outside of the quotation mark?
Did you cite the quote’s source at the end of the sentence?

Question 25

For something you have quoted you need =
Last Name of author, Year, p. #
Last name
Page number
Parenthe
Visual:
(Seíp, 2012, p.
Period
Year of
Parenthesis
publication

Answer 25

Question 26

Citing:
Taking the number of authors into consideration

Answer 26

A work by one author: (Walker, 2000, p. 135).
Every citation will be the same

A work by two authors: (Walker & Lambert, 2000, p. 135).
- Include both last names for each and every citation

Question 27

Citing: a work by three to five authors

Answer 27

At the end of sentence
- First time cited: Include all last names in first in-text citation.
(Walker, Lambert, & Sturgess, 2000, p. 135).
“et al.” for all citations after the first use
- (Walker et al., 2000, p. 135).

At the beginning of a sentence
First time cited: Include all last names in first in-text citation.
- Walker, Lambert, and Sturgess (2000, p. 135) discovered that
“et al.” for all citations after the first use
• Walker et al. (2000, p. 135) discovered that

Question 28

Look out for et “al.” and “and/&”…

Answer 28

(Walker, Lambert, & Sturgess, 2000, p. 135).
(Walker et al., 2000, p. 135).
Walker, Lambert, and Sturgess (2000, p. 135) d
- Walker et al. (1997)

**use “&” for bracketed references and “and” non bracketed references
**comma after et al., in bracketed references and no comma in unbracketed references

Question 29

A work by six or more author

Answer 29

• In the text cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. -each and every time–including the first

A number of limitations of identity models are identified (Myers et al., 1991).
Myers et al. (1991) identify a number of limitations of identity
* Note that in this situation vou will still write out the fist six authors’ names in the reference list at the end of your paper.

Question 30

Handling In-Text Citations

Answer 30

• If the source has no known author, then use a short-form of the title:
Full Title: “California Cigarette
Tax Deters Smokers”
Citation: (“California,” 1999)

Question 31

Handling In-Text Citations

Answer 31

Personal Communications: Letters, emails, interviews
- Not included in reference list
- Initials, surname (personal communication, date)
• L. Voytek (personal communication, November 6, 2011) indicate
• (L. Voytek, personal communication, November 6, 2011).
Web document:
- Use same (author, date) format
- No author
• use (first few words of title of document, date)
• No date -use n.d.
Quotations:
Double quotation marks around quoted words
• Author, date, page numbers (Jones, 1997, p. 35).

Question 32

Citing and Referencing Figures

Answer 32

• Any illustration other than a table is considered a figure.
• May be added on a separate page at the end of the paper or in appropriate locations in the paper.
• Student papers may cite figures directly with the figure as it appears in the body of the text.

Question 33

Reference List Format

Answer 33

• Generally last page of paper.
• Always begin a new page for list of references
• In APA the title is References NOT Bibliography
• Title “References is centered on first line below page number.
• List of references must be alphabetized by the first word in each entry.
• Reference list must be double spaced,

Question 34

Hanging Indent

Answer 34

• Begin at left margin, second and all following lines must be indented 5 spaces or .5 inch (known as hanging indent).
• Titles in References are in italics. Do not underline titles.
• Capitalize only first word of title.
• All listed references must have been cited within the body of the text.
me body of the text.
• All in-text citations must be referenced.

Question 35

Outline references page

Answer 35

•Center the title (References) at the top of the page. Bold it.
• Double-space reference entries
• Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines
• Order entries alphabetically by the surname of the first author of each work

Question 36

Review Standard Formats: References list
Books

Answer 36

• Author’s surname, First name initials. (date). Title in italics.
Location of Publication place: Publisher.
I
• Hint think L comes before P
Howdy, D. (1973). Intra-oral radiography. Toronto: Harper Books.

Question 37

eview Standard Formats: References list
Online Journal Article

Answer 37

• Online Journal Article: Authors’ names. (date) Title. Journal name in italics. Retrieved from or doi number
• Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development:
Getting to the roots of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 16,
315-338. do:10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001
• If no doi is assigned to the online document, include the homepage URL for the periodical:
• Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development:
Getting to the roots of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 16,
315-338. Retrieved from
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/620221/desc
ription
• * NOTE THAT YOU DO NOT END THIS TYPE OF REFERENCE WITH A PERIOD. NOR SHOULD YOU LEAVE THE HYPERLINK IN THE URL. *

Question 38

Title page

Answer 38

Question 39

Bibliography

Answer 39

Bibliography
- Shows all sources found but not necessarily used in paper.
- Used most commonly in MLA style.
- Format for MLA Bibliography:
• Author’s last name, author’s first name. Title of the book.
Publishing City: Publishing house. Year published.
(note:
Indent after 1st line)

Question 40

How to use Quotations

Answer 40

Question 41

Examples of Direct Quotations

Answer 41

Quotations of less than 40 words: SEp:
Stereotypes have been defined as “generalized and usually value-laden impressions that one’s social group uses in characterizing members of another group” (Lindgren, 2001, p.
1617).
OR
Lindgren (2001) has defined stereotypes as “generalized and usually value-laden impressions that one’s social group usesin characterizing members of another group” (p. 1617).
RULE: ALWAYS FOLLOW AUTHOR’S NAME WITH THE YEAR

Question 42

Direct Quote More Than 40 Words

Answer 42

If the quotation is over 40 words, you must start the quotation on a new line, indent the quotation about ½ an inch (or 5 spaces) and get rid of the quotation marks:

Question 43

Bibliography

Answer 43

Bibliography
- Shows all sources found but not necessarily used in paper.
- Used most commonly in MLA style.
- Format for MLA Bibliography:
• Author’s last name, author’s first name. Title of the book.
Publishing City: Publishing house. Year published.
(note:
Indent after 1st line)

Question 44

What is peer-reviewed professional literature?

Answer 44

What is peer-reviewed professional literature?
(Peer-reviewed means that experts within the specialty area have reviewed the research, ensuring that the research is valid, original, and significant.)
What is the goal with this type of search? (To find quickly the highest level of evidence, so the clinician should begin with reviewing the citations retrieved under Systematic Reviews)