Week 4: Canadian Nurses History Flashcards
Indigenous healers
Indigenous healers had caregiving roles in communities
2 types of encounters between Indigenous people and newcomers
-Provision of medicinal knowledge
-Shared experience of childbirth
Catholic Nursing Sisters
Built network of nurse run hospitals in 1637
Leaders at time when there were no other employment options
-Marie Hebert
-Jeanne Mance
-Grey Nuns
Nursing in late 1800s (Era of Apprenticeship)
Evaluated on getting the work done.
Appearance was also a major part of evaluation.
Considered handmaiden to physician.
Hospital Schools of Nursing
Nightingale established the first financially independent school of nursing attached to St. Thomas‘s Hospital in London.
Hospital training schools ensured higher standard of care.
First hospital training school in Canada established in St. Catharines in 1874.
Nursing Post-World War I (1914-1928)
End of World War I, beginning of roaring 20’s.
Poor farming conditions in prairie provinces resulting in poverty.
In 1920, the CNA developed a new operational structure that saw nurses work in 3 main sections:
-Public Health Nursing (1920)
-Private Duty (1921)
-Nursing Education (1924)
*Introduction of registration of nurses
Nursing During Great Depression (1929-1939)
Stock market crash (1929) responsible for Great Depression.
- No Canadian Health Act, or Unemployment Insurance, or accessibility to health care.
- Epidemics: TB and Typhoid fever
- Steady increase in people needing hospital care by 1934.
- Public health nurses and medical health officers providing health care.
- Concerns regarding severe shortage of nurses and the quality of nursing education had emerged in U.S. and Canada.
Nursing During World War II (1939-1945)
Priorities/challenges: to enhance nursing education vs treating the sick
Need for nurses clarified the status of the nursing profession
Post World War II (1950-1959)
Nursing field abandoned traditional system of racial and gender segregation
- Opened up equal educational, professional & employment opportunities to all nurses.
Severe shortage of nurses, affecting delivery of public health services.
1959- 1st Master’s program established at UWO
Nursing During 1960’s
-Support for nursing education and research
-Canadian Nursing Association (CNA) voted (1960) to create a fund for continuing education
not a charitable organization so they could -not accept grants -As a result, the association formed a charitable organization known as the Canadian Nurses Foundation
-The CNA began to assess and establish a national system of accreditation for nursing schools.
Nursing in the 1970’s and 1980’s
The nursing undergraduate program developed an adaptive framework
The number of doctoral-prepared faculty increased
The first comprehensive proposals for a health cost strategy were made to help diminish costs
1979- Sister Simone Roach developed CNA Code of Ethics
1982- CNA approved BScN entry to practice by 2000
1990-2000
University of Alberta establishes Canada’s first funded doctoral program in nursing.
The Canadian Institute for Health Information is founded.
CNA goes online for the first time at www.cna-nurses.ca (1996)
Tele-health is established in Manitoba and New Brunswick.
The Canadian Institutes of Health Research are established
2000-2015
2001 - CNA publishes position statements on Privacy of Personal Health Information.
2002 - CNA publishes a new, revised edition of the Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses.
2003 - Health Canada establishes the Canadian Patient Safety Institute.
2004 - CNA receives 9 million form Health Canada to advance primary health care renewal with the Canadian Nurse Practitioner Initiative.
2007 - CNA publishes a Framework for the Practice of Registered Nurses in Canada.
2007- The first nurse practitioner-led clinic in Canada (Sudbury)
2009 - CNA projects that the nursing shortage will grow by almost 5 times over 15 years
2015 – Nurses involved in euthanasia debate: Legal, professional and ethical implications
2020
year of the nurse
role modeling good values
leadership
collaboration
Morley & Jackson (2017) and Bickford (2014) articles
Modern nurses face a call to action to influence pressing challenges related to respect for skill in nursing work, funding and nursing education
Bickford’s (2014) article uses post-colonial lens to highlight barriers in health care for indigenous people and racialized immigrant groups such as: power differences, discrimination & structural disadvantages
