Week 4 - Attention Flashcards
Define attention
Focusing on specific features objects or locations or uncertain sorts of activities
Selective attention definition
The ability to focus on one message, and ignore all others
What is distraction?
Occurs when one stimulus interferes with attention to all the processing of another stimulus
What is divided attention?
The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously
What is attentional capture?
Rapid, shifting of attention, usually caused by stimulus, such a loud noise, bright, light, or sudden movement
What is visual scanning
Movement of the eyes from one location or object to another
What is the filter model of attention?
Model of attention that proposes a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks of some or all of the unattended stimuli
What is dichotic listening?
The procedure for sending one message to the left you on a different message to the right ear
What is shadowing?
The procedure of repeating a message out loud as it is heard. Shadowing is commonly used in conjunction with studies of selective attention that use the dichotic listening procedure.
What is the cocktail party effect?
The ability to focus on one stimulus, while filtering out the other stimuli, especially at a party where there are a lot of simultaneous conversations
Under what model of attention is the word filter defined?
Broadbent model of attention
Define filter in relation to the broadband model of attention
Identifies the messages being attended to based on its physical characteristics, things like the speakers tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent
What is a detector in relation to the Broadbent model of attention?
The detective processes the information from the attend, a message to determine high-level characteristics of the message, such as it’s meaning
What is the early selection model in relation to Broadbent’s attention theory?
Model of attention that explains selective attention by filtering out the unattended message. In Broadbent, early selection model, the filtering step occurs before the messages is analysed to determine its meaning.
What is an attenuator?
In Treismans model of selective attention, the attenuator analyses the incoming messages in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning. Attended messages pass through the attenuator at full strength, and unattended messages passed through with reduced strength.
What is the attenuation model of attention?
And tries men’s model of selective attention that proposes that selection occurs in two stages. In the first stage, and attenuator analyses the incoming message and let’s through the attended message.
What is the dictionary unit in relation to treismans attenuation model?
This processing unit contain stored words and thresholds for activating the words. The dictionary unit helps explain why we can. Sometimes you’re a familiar word, such as our name, in an unattended message.
What are the late selection models of attention
A model of selective attention that proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing is not occur until after the information in the message has been analysed for meaning
What is processing capacity
The amount of information in put that a person can handle. This set a limit on the persons ability to process information.
What is the perceptual load?
Related to the difficulty of a task. Low load task is only a small amount of a persons processing capacity. High load tasks use more of the processing capacity.
What is a low load task?
A task that use a few resources, leaving some capacity of a handle other tasks
What is a high load task?
That’s awesome that uses most, or all of a persons resources, and so leaves little capacity to handle other tasks
What is the load theory of attention?
Proposal that the ability to ignore task, a relevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out. High load tasks results in less distraction.
What is the Stroop effect?
Task in which a person is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus, such as the colour of ink, that a word is printed in, and ignore the other aspect, such as the colour of the word names. The strip effect refers to the fact that people find this task difficult when, for example, the word RED is printed in blue ink
What is a fixation?
And problem-solving, peoples tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution. Perception, attention, opposing of the eyes on places of interest while observing a scene.
What is saccadic eye movement?
Hi movements, from one fixation point to another
What is overt attention?
Shifting of attention by moving the eyes
What is stimulus salience?
Volume up factors that determine attention to elements of a scene.
Name three example of stimulus salience?
Colour, contrast, and orientation
What is the saliency map?
Map of the scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in the scene
What is covert attention?
Occurs when a tension of shifted, without moving the eyes, commonly referred to as seeing something out of the corner of the eye
What is pre-queueing?
Procedure in which participants are given a cue that will usually help them carry out a subsequent task. This procedure has been using visual attention experiments in which participants are presented with a cue that tells them where to direct their attention.
What is the same object advantage?
Occurs when the enhancing affective attention spreads throughout an object, so that attention to one place on an object results in a facilitation of processing at other places on the object
What is attentional warping?
Occurs when the map of categories on the brain changes to make more space for categories that are being search for as a person attends to a scene
What is automatic processing?
Press the thing that occurs automatically, without the person, intending to do it, and it also uses few cognitive resources. Automatic processing is associated with easy or well practice tasks
What is experience sampling?
Procedure that was developed answer the question “what percentage of the time during the day are people engage in a specific behaviour”. One way this has been achieved by having people report what they were doing when they receive signals at random times during the day.
What is operant conditioning?
A type of learning in which behaviour is controlled by rewards the following behaviours
Give one example of operant conditioning
Giving a dog, a toy, after performing a trick
What is mind wondering
Who is that come from? Within a person, often, intentionally. In early research. This was called day dreaming
What is inattentional blindness?
No, noticing something, even though it is in very clear view, usually caused by failure to pay attention to the object or the place where the object is located
What is change detection?
Detecting differences between pictures or displays that are presented one after another
What is binding?
A process by which features such as colour, form, motion, and location, are combined to create perception of a coherent object
What is the binding problem?
The problem of explaining how an objects individual features become down together
What is the feature Integration theory?
On approach to object, perception, developed by and tribesman, that proposes a sequence of stages, in which features of first analysed, and then compare to result in perception of an object
