Week 3 - Visual Object Recognition

Question 1

What is conceptual knowledge?

Answer 1

Knowledge that enables people to recognise objects and events and to make inferences about their properties

Question 2

Define “concepts”

Answer 2

A mental representation of a class or individual. Also the meaning of objects, events and abstract ideas

Question 3

Give an example of a concept

Answer 3

The way a person mentally represents “cat” or “house”

Question 4

What is the definitional approach to categorisation?

Answer 4

The ice that we can decide whether something is a member of a category by determining whether the object meets the definition of the category

Question 5

What is family resemblance?

Answer 5

The idea that things in a particularly category resemble each other in a number of ways

Question 6

What is the prototype approach to categorisation?

Answer 6

The idea that we decide something is a member of category by determining whether is is similar to a standard representation of the category, called a prototype

Question 7

What is sentence verification technique

Answer 7

A technique in which the participants is asked to indicate whether a particular sentence is true or false

Question 8

What is an example of sentence verification technique?

Answer 8

Sentences like “an apple is a fruit”

Question 9

What is the typicality effect?

Answer 9

The ability to judge the truth or falsity of sentences involving high prototypical members of a category more rapidly than sentences involving low prototypical members of a category

Question 10

What is priming?

Answer 10

When presentation of one stimulus facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time

Question 11

What is the exemplar approach to categorisation?

Answer 11

The approach to categorisation on which members of a category are judged against exemplars - members of the category that the person had encountered in the past

Question 12

What are exemplars?

Answer 12

Members of a category that a person has experienced in the past

Question 13

What is hierarchical organisation?

Answer 13

Organisation of categorises in which larger, more general categories are divided into smaller, more specific categories

Question 14

What is the superordinate level

Answer 14

The most general category level distinguished by Rosch - for example, furniture. Same as the global level

Question 15

What is the global level?

Answer 15

The highest level in Roschs categorisation scheme - for example further or vehicles. Same as the superordinate level

Question 16

What is the basic level

Answer 16

The level below the global level (eg furniture)

Question 17

What is the subordinate level?

Answer 17

The most specific category defined by Rosch (eg kitchen table)

Question 18

What is the order of Roschs approach to level categories?

Answer 18

1. Global
2. Basic
3. Specific

Question 19

What is the semantic network approach?

Answer 19

And approach to understanding how concepts organised in the mind that proposes that concepts are arranged in networks

Question 20

What is the hierarchical model?

Answer 20

As applied to knowledge representation, a model, it consists of levels, a range, so the more specific concepts, such as a canary or salmon, are at the bottom, and more general concepts, such as a bird, fish, or animal, are at higher levels

Question 21

What is the cognitive economy?

Answer 21

A feature of some semantic network models, in which properties of a category that are shared by many members of a category are stored at a higher level node in the network. For example, the property “can fly” can be stored at the node for “bird” rather than the node for “canary”

Question 22

What does spreading activation refer to?

Answer 22

Activity that spreads out along any link in a semantic network that is connected to an activated node

Question 23

What is a lexical decision task?

Answer 23

A procedure in which a person has asked to decide as quickly as possible. Whether a particular stimulus is a word or a non-word

Question 24

Define connectionism

Answer 24

A network model of mental operation that proposes that concepts are represented in networks that are modelled after neural networks. This approach to describing the mental representation of concept is also called the parallel distributed processing (PDP) approach.

Question 25

What is another way we refer to connectionism? Hint PDP

Answer 25

Parallel distributed processing approach

Question 26

What is a connectionist network?

Answer 26

The type of network proposed by the connectionist approach to the representation of concepts. Connection is networks are based on neural networks, but I’m not necessarily identical to them. One of the key properties of a connection is network is that a specific category is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

Question 27

What is an error signal?

Answer 27

During learning in a connection is network, the difference between the app signal generated by a particular stimulus and the output that actually represent the stimulus

Question 28

What is back propagation?

Answer 28

A process by which learning can occur in a connection is network, in which an air signals transmitted backwards through the network

Question 29

What is graceful degradation?

Answer 29

Disruption of performance due to damage of a system that occurs only gradually as part of the system undamaged. This occurs in some cases of brain damage and also when the connection is networks are damaged.

Question 30

What is category specific memory impairment?

Answer 30

A result of brain damage in which the patient has trouble recognising objects in a specific category

Question 31

What is the multiple factor approach?

Answer 31

Seeking to describe how concepts are represented in the brain by searching for multiple factors that determine how concepts of divided up with an a category

Question 32

What is the semantic category approach?

Answer 32

An approach to describing how semantic information is represented in the brain, the proposes that there are specific neural circuits for some specific categories

Question 33

What is the embodied approach?

Answer 33

The proposal that our knowledge of concept is based on reactivation of sensory and motor processes that occur when we interact with an object

Question 34

What does semantic somatotopy refer to?

Answer 34

Correspondence between words related to specific parts of the body and the location of brain activity associated with that part of the body

Question 35

What is semantic dementia?

Answer 35

Air condition in which there is a general lots of knowledge for all concepts

Question 36

What condition can damage to the interior temporal lobe cause?

Answer 36

Damage to the ATO has been connected with semantic deficits in dementia patients with the savant syndrome

Question 37

What is the hub and spoke model?

Answer 37

A model of semantic knowledge that proposes the areas of the brain are associated with different functions are connected to the interior temporal lobe, which integrates information from these areas.

Question 38

What’s is transcranial magnetic stimulation?

Answer 38

A procedure in which magnetic pulses are applied to the school, in order to temporarily disrupt the function part of the brain